Biology: Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

autotroph

organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds

anaerobic

process that does not require oxygen

aerobic

process that requires oxygen

chloroplast

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that uses energy from sunlight to make energy-rich food molecules by photosynthesis

chlorophyll

principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms; captures light energy

calvin cycle

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars

calorie

amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 Celsius degree

cellular respiration

process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen

electron transport chain

a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP

granum

stack of thylakoids

glycolysis

first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid

fermentation

process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

heterotroph

organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer; cannot make its own food

Krebs cycle

second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

light-dependent reactions

reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

NAD+

electron carrier involved in glycolysis

NADP+

one of the carrier molecules that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules

photosynthesis

process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to power chemical reactions that convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carboydrates such as sugars and starches

pigment

light-absorbing colored molecule

stroma

region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts

thylakoid

saclike body in chloroplast made of photosynthetic membranes that contain photosystems

active transport

the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy

6CO(2) + 6H(2)0 -LIGHT> C(6)H(12)0(6) + 60(2)

photosynthesis equation

why plants are green

they do not absorb the green lightwaves well, so it is reflected back, and that is the color seen

6O(2) + C(6)H(12)O(6) -> 6CO(2) + 6h(2)o + ENERGY

cellular respiration equation

cellular respiration steps:

glycolysis, the krebs cycle, electron transport chain

alcoholic, lactic acid =

fermentation types

photosynthesis vs. cellular respiration

energy storage vs. energy release, chloroplasts vs. mitochondria,