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autotroph
organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds
anaerobic
process that does not require oxygen
aerobic
process that requires oxygen
chloroplast
organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that uses energy from sunlight to make energy-rich food molecules by photosynthesis
chlorophyll
principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms; captures light energy
calvin cycle
reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars
calorie
amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 Celsius degree
cellular respiration
process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen
electron transport chain
a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP
granum
stack of thylakoids
glycolysis
first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid
fermentation
process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
heterotroph
organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer; cannot make its own food
Krebs cycle
second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
light-dependent reactions
reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
NAD+
electron carrier involved in glycolysis
NADP+
one of the carrier molecules that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules
photosynthesis
process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to power chemical reactions that convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carboydrates such as sugars and starches
pigment
light-absorbing colored molecule
stroma
region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts
thylakoid
saclike body in chloroplast made of photosynthetic membranes that contain photosystems
active transport
the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy
6CO(2) + 6H(2)0 -LIGHT> C(6)H(12)0(6) + 60(2)
photosynthesis equation
why plants are green
they do not absorb the green lightwaves well, so it is reflected back, and that is the color seen
6O(2) + C(6)H(12)O(6) -> 6CO(2) + 6h(2)o + ENERGY
cellular respiration equation
cellular respiration steps:
glycolysis, the krebs cycle, electron transport chain
alcoholic, lactic acid =
fermentation types
photosynthesis vs. cellular respiration
energy storage vs. energy release, chloroplasts vs. mitochondria,
