BIOL1111 (General Biology 1) Exam 1 Mary Sue Potts Santone

Defining Life

All living things are comprised of the same chemical elements and obey the same physical and chemical laws as nonliving objects

3 Things for Life

Hereditary material, raw material, energy inputs

Biological Evolution

Descent with modification (the process by which the characteristics of organisms change over generations, by means of genetic variation and natural selection)

Unity

The theory of evolution is a unifying concept in Biology and shows how all living organism descended from a common ancestor

Diversity

The the theory of evolution also explains the vast amount of diversity in living species

Natural Selection

The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring

Adaptation

Any modification that makes an organism suited to its way of life

Aristotle

Author of Scala Naturae (scale of life) that classified organisms and non living objects from least to most complex

(Carolus) Linnaeus

Author of Systema Naturae and creator of binomial nomenclature

(Charles) Darwin

Creator of the theory of evolution based on natural selection

Taxonomy

Science of identifying and classifying organisms according to evolutionary relationships

Phylogeny

Tree of life

Scientific Name

Binomial Nomenclature (Genus species), universal, Latin-based

Levels of Biological Organization

Cell->Tissue->Organ->Organ System->Organism(species)->Population->Community->Ecosystem->Biosphere

Cell

Most basic unit of life

Materials and Energy

Energy is the capacity to do work, energy flows through the biosphere in nutrient cycles

Metabolism

All chemical reactions in a cell

Anabolism

The synthesis of more complex substances from simpler ones (constructive metabolism)

Catabolism

The breaking down of more complex substances into simpler ones, with the release of energy (destructive metabolism

Homeostasis

Maintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries

Dynamic Equilibrium

A state of balance between continuing processes

Mitosis

Cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.

Meiosis

Cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes

Stimuli

Stim->receptor->control center->response(usually movement)->prompts survival

Behavior

Responses collectively constitute behavior and are examples of adaptations

Science

Obeys natural laws, explained in reference to natural law, it is tentative and falsifiable

Discovery (Descriptive) Science

Science that begins with observation and has conclusions based on inductive reasoning (qualitative)

Inductive Reasoning

Reasoning where specific observations lead to a general principle

Deductive (Scientific) Method

Scientific method where general principles are applied to specific circumstances so that one may form hypotheses

Deductive Reasoning

Reasoning in which a conclusion is based on the multiple principles that are generally assumed to be true (quantitative)

Hypothesis

Tentative, testable explanation for what was observed

Scientific Theory

Related to well-supported hypotheses that for a broad ranging testable explanation about fundamental aspects of the natural world; complex and dynamic; regarded as true by scientific community

Scientific Law

Statement of fact that concisely describes an action; often expressed as a mathematical equation; universally true

C, H, O, N, P, S

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur; organisms 98% composed of these elements

Atom

Smallest functional unit of matter that form all chemicals

Isotope

Same element with different numbers of neutrons

Radioisotope

Isotopes that spontaneously decay; give off energy in the form of rays (gamma) or subatomic particles (alpha, beta)

Bohr Model

Electron shells as concentric circles around nucleus

Octet Rule

Atoms tend to combine in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell

Molecule

Two or more atoms bonded together.

Compound

A substance formed from two or more elements

Ionic Bond

Type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions; complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms

Covalent Bond (Polar v Nonpolar)

Chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms

Electro - negativity/positivity

N: Measure of the tendency of an atom to attract an electron

P: Measure of the tendency of an atom to donate an electron

Free Radicals

Atoms with a single unpaired electron in outer shell

Hydrogen Bond

H atoms in one molecule are attracted to the O or N atoms in other polar covalently bonded molecules, between molecules or between parts of large molecule

Water

Hydrogen bonding; high heat capacity; high heat of vaporization; cohesive; adhesive; high surface tension

Ice

unique solid; less dense than liquid state; insulation

Acid

Dissociate in water to release hydrogen ions; pH < 7

Base

Dissociate in water to release hydroxide ions; pH > 7

Neutralization Reaction

When an acid and a base react to form water and a salt

pH scale

Measure of acidity/basicity in a solution; logarithmic scale

Buffer

Solution that resists changes in pH when acid or base is added to it

Organic Compound

Type pf compound with carbon and hydrogen; each carbon can bond with up to 4 different atoms; covalent bonds; large

Inorganic Compund

Any compound that is not organic; ions; ionic bonding; few atoms

Hydrocarbon

Long carbon chains; usually skeleton/backbone of organic compounds; may be linear, ringed, or branched

Functional Group

Group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound (i.e. hydroxyl, carboxyl, phosphate, amino)

Hydroxyl Group

Alcohols (R-OH)

Carbonyl Group

Aldehydes (R-COH) and

Keytones (R-CO-R)

Carboxyl Group

Carboxylic Acids (R-COOH)

Amino Group

Amines (R-NH2)

Sulfhydryl Group

Thiols (R-SH)

Phosphate Group

Organic Phosphates (R-OP=O(OH)2)

Monomer

Molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

Polymer

Compound made up of a repeating chain of monomers

Hydrolysis

Chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water (reactant)

Dehydration Synthesis

Joining two molecules, or compounds, together via the removal of water (product)

Biomolecules

Biologically important molecules

Carbohydrates

Type of biomolecule C, H, O (1:2:1); universally used as an energy source and for energy storage; structural component of cells, most abundant MMs on Earth

Monosaccharide

Simple sugars; single sugar molecule; quite soluble; sweet (i.e. glucose, fructose, galactose)

Disaccharide

Two monosaccharides joined by dehydration; soluble; sweet; important in transport of sugars (i.e. sucrose, lactose)

Glycosidic Bond

Type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule to another group; alpha (above) or beta (below) linkages depend on where hydroxyl group is located

Polysaccharide

Polymers of monosaccharides; may be branched or unbranched; low solubility; not sweet; structural; short term energy storage

Carbs for Energy

Starch and glycogen

Starch

Polymer of glucose; moderately branched; short term energy storage; plants

Glycogen

Animal starch; highly branched; more soluble; muscle

Carbs for Structure

Cellulose, chitin, glycosaminoglycans

Cellulose

Long coiled glucose polymer; beta-linkages; unbranched; indigestible by most animals

Chitin

Polymer of glucose; each glucose with amino group; resistant to water and digestion; exoskeleton; fungal cell walls

Glycosaminoglycans

Sugar monomers with carboxyl and sulfide groups; structural in animals; abundant in cartilage;

Lipids

Type of biomolecule insoluble in water; not polymers; long chains of repeating CH2 units (also with O, P, N); renders molecule nonpolar

Functions of Lipids

Structural in cells; energy reserves; messengers; insulation; cushioning; protective coating

Types of Lipids

Fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids, waxes

Glycerol

Three carbon alcohol (each C with hydroxyl group)

Fatty acid

Long hydrocarbon chain with carboxylic acid at one end (saturated or unsaturated); hydrophobic

Triglyceride

Neutral fat; formed via dehydration synthesis of glycerol and 3 fatty acids connected by ester bond

Phospholipids

Derived from triglycerides; glycerol backbone with 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group (hydrophilic)

Phospholipids in Water

Polar phosphate "head" near water; non polar fatty acid "tails" overlap and exclude water; spontaneously form double layer & spheres

Glycolipids

Lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic bond; serve as markers for cellular recognition and to provide energy

Steriod

Skeletons of 4 fused C rings + polar groups; Cholesterol: animal cell membranes; sex hormones

Eicosanoid

Based on arachidonic acid (20C); local hormones prod. by all cells of human body

Wax

Long chain fatty acid bonded to long chain alcohol; very nonpolar; high melting point; waterproof

Protein

Nitrogenous biomolecul; large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids; some of most abundant organic molecules in the human body; very diverse

Functions of Protiens

Metabolism, defense, cell recognition, transport, structure, motion, osmotic regulation, storage

Amino Acid

Simple organic compound containing a carboxyl, amino, and R group attached to a central (alpha) carbon

Peptide Bond

Carboxyl group (C-terminus) of one AA attaches to amino group (N-terminus) of another AA

Polypeptide

Amino acids joined together end-to-end; only refers to structure NOT function

Primary Level (Protein)

Specific sequence of AAs; genetically determined

Secondary Level (Protein)

Way the AA chain coils or folds; result of H-bonding; random coiled regions

Tertiary Level (Protein)

3D shape of polypeptide; complex R-group interactions; H-bonding; disulfide bridges; ionic bonding; van der Waals forces