Developmental Psychology 4

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory

human development is a complex interplay between the environment and interconnected systems

Microsystem

the setting in which an individual lives

mesosystem

links between microsystems

ecosystems

influences from another setting that the individual does not experience directly

macrosystem

the culture in which the individual lives

chronosystem

sociohistorical circumstances that change over time

Reciprocal socialization

(bidirectional socialization); children socialize parents as much as parents socialize children

Dyadic subsystems

involving two people

Polyadic subsystems

involving more than two people

Cohabitation

living together in sexual relationship without being married

Authoritarian Parenting

Restrictive, punitive style

Authoritative Parenting

Places limits while encouraging independence

(best result)

neglectful parenting

very uninvolved

indulgent parenting

very involved but with few demands

Use of Corporal Punishment is legal in US

True

coparenting

the support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child

Types of Child maltreatment

physical abuse

Child Neglect (most common)

Sexual Abuse

Emotional Abuse

Emotional Security Theory

Children appraise marital conflict in terms of their own sense of security and safety

Peers

Individuals of about same age or maturity level

5 peer statuses

Popular child

average child

neglected child

rejected child

controversial child

Popular Child

are frequently a best friend and rarely disliked

Average Child

receive average number of positive/negative nominations

neglected child

infrequently the best friend but not disliked

controversial child

frequently a best friend and being disliked

What is the primary form of bullying

Cyberbullying

Cliques

small groups that average 5-6 individuals, same age/sex, and often engage in similar activites

crowds

larger groups, many defined by activity

Intimacy in friendship

characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts

play

a pleasurable activity engage in for its own sake

play therapy

allows child to work off frustrations and the therapist to analyze the child’s conflicts and ways of coping

sensorimotor play

infant behavior to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes

practice play

repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports

pretense/symbolic play

the child transforms aspects of the physical environment into symbols

social play

involves interactions with peers

constructive play

combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation

games

activities that are engaged in for pleasure that have rules

Leisure

pleasant time when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing

Disengagement theory

to cope effectively, older adults should gradually withdraw from society

Activity Theory

the more active and involved older adults experience more life satisfaction

agism

prejudice against others because of their age

culture

the behavior, pattern, beliefs and all other products of a group of people that are passed on from generation to generation

Individualism

involves giving priority to personal goals rather than group goals

Collectivism

emphasize values that serve the group

Social Economic Status (SES)

a grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics

Feminization of poverty

far more women live in poverty than men

Constructivist approach to learning

learner centered, emphasizing the individual’s actual construction of knowledge and understanding

Direct instruction approach to learning

is structured and teacher centered

top-dog phenomenon

move from boldest, biggest, most powerful students to youngest smallest, least powerful

learning disabilities

a difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language

Dyslexia

severe impairment in the ability to read and spell

sysgraphia

involves difficulty in handwriting

dyscalculia

difficulty in math computation

( ADHD) attention-hyperactivity deficit disorder

disability in which children show one or more of the following

• inattention

• hyperactivity

• impulsivity

Autism spectrum disorders

developmental disorders characterized by social interaction problems, verbal and nonverbal communication problems, and repetitive behaviors

extrinsic motivation

doing something to obtain something else

intrinsic motivation

internal motivation to do something for one’s own sake

mastery motivation

task-oriented, concerned with learning strategies and the process of achievement rather than the ability or outcome

helpless-oriented individuals

trapped by the experience of difficulty and attribute difficulty to lack of ability

Performance-oriented

focused on winning rather than achievement outcome

mindset

the cognitive view that individuals develop for themselves

fixed mindset

belief that qualities are carved in stone and cannot be changed

growth mindset

belief that qualities can change and improve through effort

self-efficacy and grit

the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes

grit

a quality that evokes passion and persistence in achieving long-term goals

career-mystique

ingrained cultural beliefs that engaging in hard work for long hours through adulthood will automatically lead to status, security, and happiness

most people spend 1/3rd of life at work

most people spend 1/3rd of life at work

components of death systems across cultures

people

places

times

objects

symbols

Brain dead

a neurological definition of death

all electrical activity in brain stops

advanced health care planning

process of patients thinking about and communicating their preferences for end of life care

living will

designed to be completed while the individual can still think clearly

Euthanasia

the act of painlessly ending the lives of individuals who are suffering from an incurable disease or severe disability

Most common cause of death in infancy

SIDS

Most common cause of death in childhood

accidents or illness

Most common cause of death in adolescence

MVA, suicide, homicide

Most common cause of death in young-middle aged adults

illnesses such as heart disease or cancer

Most common cause of death in older adults

chronic diseases

Females are 3x more likely to attempt suicide but males are 4x more likely to die

Females are 3x more likely to attempt suicide but males are 4x more likely to die

Kübler-ross stages of dying

denial and isolation

anger

bargaining

depression

acceptance

grief

emotional numbness, disbelief, loneliness that accompany the loss of a loved one

Widow to Widow program provides support for newly widowed women

Widow to Widow program provides support for newly widowed women