Machine Principles and Motion Lecture Notes

Flashcards covering fluid principles (Pascal's and Archimedes'), machine efficiency, types of simple and compound machines, and the physical quantities of translational and rotational motion.

Pascal's Principle

Proposed by Blaise Pascal; states that when pressure is applied to a trapped fluid, that pressure change transmits equally in all directions throughout the entire fluid.

Pressure Formula

Pressure is defined as Force divided by Area: $P = \frac{F}{A}$.

Archimedes' Principle (Boyancy)

States that when you place an object in water, the water pushes up on the object with a force equal to the weight of the water displaced by the object.

Hydraulic system

A device that uses fluid pressure to transmit or increase force; pressure is applied to a confined space via an Input Piston (master).

Machine efficiency

The ability of a machine to convert the work put into a machine into useful work.

Input work

The energy supplied by the user.

Output work

The energy produced by the machine.

Efficiency Formula

$$\text{efficiency} = \frac{\text{Output work}}{\text{Input work}} \times 100\%$$

Inclined plane

A slanted surface used to move objects up or down easily, such as a ramp, staircase, or slide.

Screw

An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder that converts rotational motion into forward motion; examples include jar lids, bolts, and drill bits.

Wheel and Axle

A simple machine made of a large wheel attached to a smaller rod (axle) where both move together; examples include bicycle wheels and doorknobs.

Compound Machine

Tools made by combining two or more simple machines that work together, such as a wheelbarrow (lever + wheel and axle).

Linear motion

Movement of an object in a straight line, which can be backward or forward.

Angular motion

Movement around an axis or fixed point where an object spins.

Ergonomic designs

Designing objects so they are easy, safe, and comfortable to use for people.

Simple Machine

Basic tools that help us do work more easily.

Lever

A rigid bar that moves around a fixed point called the fulcrum; includes a load (object being moved) and effort (force applied).

Fulcrum

The pivot point around which a lever moves.

Pulley

A wheel with a rope used to lift objects; pulling the rope changes the direction of force and helps lift heavy loads.

Wedge

A machine made of two inclined planes joined together; it concentrates force to split, cut, or pierce materials like a knife or axe.

Translational motion

Occurs when an object moves from one place to another; linear quantities include Distance ($\text{m}$), Displacement ($\text{m}$), Speed ($\text{m/s}$), Velocity ($\text{m/s}$), and Acceleration ($\text{m/s}^2$).

Rotational motion

Occurs when an object spins around an axis, such as ceiling fan blades or a Ferris wheel.

Angular displacement ($\theta$)

An angular quantity measured in Radians ($\text{rad}$).

Angular velocity ($\omega$)

An angular quantity measured in Radians per second ($\text{rad/s}$).

Angular acceleration ($\alpha$)

An angular quantity measured in Radians per second square ($\text{rad/s}^2$).