* Conspicuous conical mound or circular hill, with a core of ice, found on tundra where permafrost is present * Form under initially frozen lakes (closed system) or by groundwater forcing through permafrost (open system)
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Patterned Ground
* Polygons, stone circles, stripes * Freeze-thaw cycles → frost heave * active layer freezes → ice crystals develop → increases volume of soil → frost heave (hydrostatic pressure) → forms small domes on surface * stones → lower specific heat capacity → expand further → push up → fall forming circles or stripes