Outremer, 1100-1144

what was 'outremer'?

the four established crusader kingdoms:

Edessa

Antioch

Tripoli

Jerusalem

how long was the first period of outremer?

1100-1144

who were the major threats to the crusaders?

- Turkish leaders - rulers of Aleppo and Damascus in close proximity to jerusalem and antioch with armies of 10-12,000

- fatamid empire of egypt from the south had 20,000 men

what was the crusade of 1101 called?

'Crusade of the Faint Hearted' (failed crusade) - focused on people who had vowed but not gone on first crusade and those who left early

was much smaller than first crusade

who called the failed crusade?

Pope Paschal II

what was the main problem with the crusade of the faint hearted?

it was very ill disciplined

what were the events of the failed crusade?

1st army wiped out at Mersivan by Seljuk turks

2 defeats at Heraclea by turks - most killed when crossing Anatolia

Stephen of Blois killed in battle of Ascalon at Jerusalem

rumours of Byzantine treachery - told Turks where crusaders were going to be

what evidence is there for strength and expansion of the crusader states following the 1101 crusade?

capture of Tortosa provided a much needed port (trade, reinforcements, communication) and Battle of Jaffa forced Fatimids to flee, keeping recent conquest in crusader hands

what were the consequences of the failed crusade?

- land route to Byzantium was closed again

- Seljuks regained confidence

- the Anatolian turks were united

- Christian states of Outremer now lacked manpower

- relations with Byzantium soured further - crusaders believed they had betrayed them multiple times and Byzantines didn't like the crusaders' trashing of Constantinople and hadn't given Antioch back to Alexius

what evidence is there for strength and expansion of crusader states at the Battle of Harran in 1104?

Baldwin I received help from Bohemond - shows territorial ambitions in a positive light

what evidence is there for weakness of the crusader states at the Battle of Harran in 1104?

Franks were defeated by Seljuks of Mosul and Mardin and Harran remained in muslim hands

Baldwin was captured

relationship between Byzantium and Franks damaged - Armenians started looking for protection from Byzantines and Byzantium asserted control over area

what was the success of Bohemond's Tour of Europe in 1107?

recruited men and found a wife - daughter of king of france - position increased

what was the failures of Bohemond's Tour of Europe in 1107?

was defeated at Durrazo and had to agree to hold his lands from Alexius (treaty of Devol)

confirmed miserable relationship between Antioch and Byzantium as launched attack against eastern emperor's land

what were the successes of the crusade of king sigurd of norway in 1110?

crusaders captured Sidon after a venetian fleet bolsteres the force - important for communication and consolidating christian control/influence

what were the failures of the crusade of king sigurd of norway in 1110?

opposition from Fatamid fleet nearly beat them

what were the problems faced by the crusader states?

lack of population due to wars

many soldiers returned home

surrounded by Muslim states

poor relations with Byzantium

internal divisions

land route severed after 1101 crusade - needed to transport supplies

geographical - no natural boundaries that could be used for defence

how could these problems be solved?

castles

immigration

military and financial support from Europe

alliances with Muslim leaders

expansion of borders

capture of ports

why was it fundamental to the survival of outremer for ports to be captured?

crusader states were a long way from western europe so ports must be taken so links can be developed - reinforcements, pilgrims, settlers, money and resources can travel safely to build up crusader states and give them the manpower to make them viable

italian navies can also force fatamid navy back and enable supply of troops from western europe

when were a number of significant ports captured by the crusaders?

Jaffa (1099), Haifa (1100), Caesarea (1101), Tortosa (1102), Acre (1104), Tripoli (1109), Tyre (1124), Sidon (1110)

what was the significance of port of Tyre?

located in jerusalem

provided trade with muslim held cities

white glass used for plates and windows

main centre of industry

venetian fleet assisted its capture

what was the significance of port of Tortosa?

located in Tripoli

landing point for pilgrims to holy land and port of call for Genoese and Venetian ships

lots of pilgrim trade

Genoese and Catalan fleet assisted 1102

what was the significance of port of Acre?

located in damascus

provided trade with muslim held cities, links to the west, via damascus and to egypt

SUGAR

served merchants from Yemen who came up pilgrims road

Genoese fleet assisted its capture in 1104

what was the significance of port of Acalon?

located in Jaffa

had been egypt's most important fontier fortress and its fall contributed to downfall of fatamid empire

held out from christian control until 1153

what was the significance of port of Tripoli?

in city of Tripoli

controlled coastline from Maraclea to Beirut - strong trade links

control extended to Krak de Chavellier

Genoese fleet assisted its capture 1109

owed fealty and homage to Baldwin I

how did Italian cities help the crusader states?

Genoa, Pisa and Venice prepared to contribute troops and blockade the cities by sea - cities were major trading ports on the silk road which was enormously valuable to italian merchants

how did the crusaders ensure their future using agriculture?

fought to seize major areas of the most fertile and best watered land in north-east - food and revenue supplied to them and denied to their enemies

ports dominated agricultural centres of the near east and coastal strip of Hauran attacked to ensure commerce and food

why was the crusader position still vulnerable by the 1110s?

territories were very thin and rarely penetrate inland - must push inland to conquer major centres of enemy power

what territories did the crusaders need to conquer to protect themselves?

Aleppo, Damascus and Fatimid territories in Egypt

why was Aleppo important?

population 10,000+ and heavily fortified with mound and citadel at its centre, sits on several major trade routes and controls crossings of the Euphrates - crusaders could control northern syria if conquer Aleppo

why was Damascus important?

big city with large population, centre of trade and regional centre with large territories surrounding it - if crusaders were to conquer it, Aleppo would be cut off from any potential cooperation with Fatimid Egypt

why was egypt particularly important?

Nile Delta was immensely fertile, major waypoint on the silk road - ports of Alexandria and Damietta, terminus for the trans-saharan gold routes so hugely wealthy

what evidence is there that Antioch was threatening Aleppo in the 1110s?

Bohemond raided Aleppo region and began to consider idea of building a castle right next to it to serve as a stranglehold around city, various satellite towns around Aleppo were conquered by Franks which created raiding bases to place the city under immense pressure

why was Aleppo becoming increasingly isolated?

Ridwan faced a series of rebellions from own people, was not liked by other turkish rulers as alugned himself with shia powers, shut gates against reinforcements as thought he'd be deposed

why weren't the Franks able to take Aleppo?

presumed to much and infringed the treaty which put Aleppo under Frankish jurisdiction - attacked merchants going to Aleppo and Aleppo appoints Ilghazi as its new leader - more appealing than Frankish leadership.

Ilghazi proves to be an effective leader

what was Ager Sanguinis in 1119?

the fields of blood

what happened in the fields of blood?

Roger of Salerno fights Ilghazi near Antioch

refused to wait for Tripoli or Jerusalem's support - Roger marches out rather than avoid battle

only 2 knights survive and nobility is destroyed - diminishes frankish influence over city

border fortress is lost in the east but kingdom survives

what happened after the fields of blood battle?

King of Jerusalem arrives and pushes Ilghazi back - 4 year period of fighting culminates in a major siege of Aleppo led by Baldwin II 1124-1125 but siege fails

how long was Edessa in the hands of crusaders for?

1097-1144 but officially founded in 1098

how did Baldwin secure Edessa?

gave military help to current leader Thoros, and then married his daughter and secured throne when Thoros died

what are the characteristics of Edessa?

only has population of 100,000

most population were Armenian Syriac Christians who preferred Latins to Orthodox or Islam

the town of Sarij was largely Muslim

very few European settlers went to Edessa as not prosperous or have religious pull

what did Baldwin II allow the Muslims of Sarij to do?

build a new mosque and depose their unpopular govenor

also granted villages to the Armenian prelate to ensure their support

who allied with local Muslim rulers against Baldwin II?

Joscelin I

what was the strategic position of Edessa?

-shields Antioch, Tripoli and Jerusalem from Mosul and Aleppo

-key fortresses of Turbessel and Rivendel

-relied heavily upon muslim states' lack of coordination

-relied on support from Byzantium, Antioch and Jerusalem

-Euphrates split county and hindered communication and movement

-Euphrates was also used as a means of raiding deep into Muslim territory

what did Edessa lack?

a port which hindered access to reinforcements and contact with Europe

when do Edessans combine powers to defeat Muslim forces?

Edessan and Antiochene army combine to defeat Muslim army in 1115 at Tell Danith

Edessan and Byzantines combine armies to fight Zengi in 1138

when does Edessa fall?

in 1150 when Zengi captures it (1144) and unites surrounding muslim lords - both Jerusalem and Byzantium had recently lost their rulers so couldn't send help

what was the geographical position of Antioch?

Byzantines to north and west

muslims to east - Aleppo - Ridwan

Tripoli to south

mountains to east provided some protection

coastline and port Lattekieh provided trade and links to Europe

why did Byzantine emperor's desperately want Antioch?

was a seat of a patriarch

what did Tancred attack in 1101?

Byzantine Cicilia

what did Bohemond launch in 1107?

a crusade against Byzantium

what was the name of the treaty that Tancred refused to agree to?

Treaty of Devol - Byzantine vassal

when did Antioch pay homage to Byzantium?

in 1137, 1145 and 1159

what is a vassal?

someone who owes fealty to someone higher up in feudal chain

what does Antioch receive in return for paying homage to Jerusalem?

regents when its leaders die:

Baldwin II rules 1119-1126

Fulk refused to let Constance rule alone and installs Raymond as King

why was Tripoli so important?

linked Norman kingdoms of Antioch and Edessa to Jerusalem

contained crucial supply of ports of Tripoli and Tortosa

controlled mountain passes on the border with the Hashashim

who does Tripoli become dependant on to defend its borders?

Jerusalem and the military orders

who is the Krak de Chevalier given to?

the Templars

why does Pons march north?

to assist Baldwin II of Edessa at the successful battle of Hab in 1119

what does Pons acknowledge?

supremacy of Jerusalem Patriarch, then Antioch after a dispute

what happened after the siege of Jerusalem?

Battle of Ascalon vs Fatimids

Raymond and Godfrey fight over control

Godfrey becomes 'Defender of the Holy City' - NOT king

Robert of Normandy and Robert of Flanders head home with many crusaders

how many knights and infantry are left after the siege of Jerusalem?

300 knights and 2,000 infantry

who was the Patriarch of Jerusalem approved by after the siege?

by Pascal II

what did Jerusalem possess?

a fragment of the true cross and relics, key sights og pilgrimage more valuable than money and power, larger territory than other crusader kingdoms

who crowned Jerusalem?

Patriarch Diumbert

what was the migration into Outremer like?

Franks were a minority

numbers uncertain throughout

1/3 Tyre was a Venetian settlement

many early settlers were from first crusade

Franks tended to live alongside Orthodox Christians in rural areas

cities had more diversity; Acre, Tripoli, Antioch

what were the benefits offered to crusaders at Casal Imbert in around 1150 by Baldwin III?

- long term leases on housing - provided migrants with sense of security

- free facilities - included use of a mill and communal olive grove

- favourable terms such as payment of only 1/7th of all crops to Baldwin

- labour services only took up a week maximum and included undemanding tasks - explains why people were willing to abandon everything and settle in Outremer

- tolerance shown for some minorities - ensures stability as prevents revolts and keeps trade of ports going

where did the crusader states try to secure military aid from?

Europe

Knights Templar formed in 1119

what are some examples of siege equipment used by crusaders?

trebuchet, battering ram, siege tower (used at Nicaea and Jerusalem), ladders (first used in Jerusalem in first crusade), undermining the walls, mal voisin - surround one castle with a fortification (used at Antioch)

what was the basic role of castles in the first crusade?

delayed crusaders (Nicaea and Antioch)

protected crusaders (at Antioch from Ridwan)

helped capture Antioch through siege castles

delayed Ridwan's march to Antioch

what were castles generally used for in Outremer?

controlling territory - stopping raiders and raiding yourself

control trade routes and taxes - silk road, mediterranean ports

providing safe haven for armies and citizens

delaying invading armies - gives king time to ask other kingdoms for assistance

harassing supply lines

besieging other castles and towns

why were castles so important to crusaders?

crusaders were always short of numbers

territories were potentially rebellious - Muslim, Orthodox, Syriac

lack of natural boundaries to the east

safety for Christian settlers - desire to increase Latin Christian populations

what was Margat?

coastal fortification on the pilgrim route

where was Margat located?

tripoli

what did Margat provide for Outremer?

huge amounts of resources to Jerusalem: trade from ports and was hospitaller centre in 1186

who was Monreal castle built by?

Baldwin I of Jerusalem

what was the significance of Monreal?

controlled trade route between Syria and Egypt - crusaders allowing for trade between Muslim nations but ensuring taxes for Jerusalem were paid

route of the Haj for many muslims of the north - Muslim pilgrimage - crusaders not stopping this, just taxing them

controlled fertile plain of Edom

where was Saphet fortification located/

50 miles from Damascus

who was Saphet built by?

Fulk of Jerusalem

what was the significance of Saphet?

used to launch constant raids on Damascus, cleared area of muslim inhabitants and protected christian ones

encourages christian settlers to move in

who controlled Spahet?

the Knights Templar

what was the Krak de Chevalier?

most famous crusader castle

where was Krak located?

in Syria on a large hill - difficult for muslims to attack

what was the significance of Krak?

dominated road between Homs and Tripoli - protection

administrative hub for Knights Hospitaller

was besieged three times but did not fall until 1271

drew income/troops from surrounding population of 10,000

where did Krak receive tribute from?

Homs and Hama (muslim) acknowledging its supremacy

what were the military orders?

The Knights Templar

The Knights Hospitaller

who were the Knights Templar?

holy warriors and professional soldiers

sworn to poverty

sworn to chastity

white mantle and cross

no surrender unless standard of templar has fallen

pioneered banking - bank notes - helps travel and moving currency

dying in combat assures a place in heaven

when was the Knights Templar founded?

initially 8 knights founded by Hugh of Paynes to protect pilgrims on way to Jerusalem in 1120

granted house next to temple of solomon as base

when was the Knights Templar recognised by the Pope as a religious order?

1128

who was the Knights Templar praised by?

Bernard of Clairvaux

what was the symbol of the Knights Templar?

2 knights on one horse - sign of their poverty as cannot afford a horse each

what happened during the council of Nablus in 1120?

it is agreed that priests can bear arms in certain circumstances - theologically challenging as Bible says 'thou shalt not kill'

who were the Knights Hospitaller?

knights of the hospital of St John

originally monks serving in hospital in Jerusalem in 1070s

expanded to protect pilgrims and recruited soldiers

semi-monastic and semi-military - fighting, praying and dying for god

when was the Knights Hospitaller recognised by the Pope as a religious order?

1120 - military c.1130s

how many knights did the military orders have?

at their height, no more than 500 each - many brothers Serjeants

what were the military orders given?

castles to hold from 1130 onwards

what support from Europe for the military orders was there?

Hugh of Champagne 1127

Henry II of England donates huge amount of money - less time in purgatory

templars and hospitallers given large gifts of property and land in Europe

'commanderies' paid 1/3 of revenue to Outremer - e.g. ports, farms, states

developed networks and financial services

what are positives of the military orders?

hospitallers given 12 castles - important role in defence

templars gathered funds to maintain knights from own resources

templars sent 120 knights and 1,000 soliders in 1149 when antioch faced challenge from nurredin

1177 - 80 templars joined frankish forces to defeat saladin at montqisard

1167 - hospitallers offered to provide 500 knights and 500 turcipoles for campaign

given task of manning ramport at acre, tripoli, tyre

entrusted to govern and defend entire towns and cities

rulers felt they could be trusted

provided money through commanderie

what are negatives of the military orders?

neither started off as sophisticated fighting forces

1167 - hospitallers bankrupt and owed 100,000

reliance on orders meant burden on their knights increased

1164 - 60 templars killed when artah was attacked

battle of hattin - templars lost 230 in attempt to stop saladin from reaching jerusalem

by end of 1180s military orders had lost control of majority of their castles

limited significance until 1130s+

what was the significance of the military orders?

showed great significance in 1130+ but insignificant during early period of Outremer - incredibly significant by end of 1144 (first Outremer period)

what were Baldwin I's successes?

- installed new count in Edessa and prevented Danishmend Turk capture of Antioch

- established clear system of overlordship over vassals in Jerusalem

- castles began in his reign - Monreal constructed on his orders

- held cities of jerusalem and bethlehem and controlled port of jaffa

- 1105, 1107 and 1111 repulsed egyptian invasions