restoration

What was the Convention Parliament (1660)?

Parliament called without royal summons to decide England's future; restored monarchy under Charles II on negotiated terms.

Causes of the Convention Parliament (1660).

Collapse of Cromwellian Protectorate after Richard Cromwell's resignation; General Monck's march to London; popular demand for stability; army disunity.

Political consequences of the Convention Parliament (1660).

Ended the Interregnum; monarchy restored but under parliamentary conditions.

Social consequences of the Convention Parliament (1660).

Reinstated traditional hierarchy; royalists regained influence.

Economic consequences of the Convention Parliament (1660).

Trade reopened after years of disruption; merchants benefited.

Religious consequences of the Convention Parliament (1660).

Restored Anglican Church as national church.

Short-term significance of the Convention Parliament (1660).

Enabled peaceful restoration of monarchy with minimal bloodshed.

Long-term significance of the Convention Parliament (1660).

Set precedent for Parliament’s role in shaping monarchy; monarchy not absolute.

What was the Declaration of Breda (1660)?

Statement from Charles II promising pardon, religious toleration, property rights, and army pay to gain broad support for his return.

Causes of the Declaration of Breda (1660).

Charles needed to reassure political and religious factions; secure Monck’s support; prevent fear of retribution.

Political consequences of the Declaration of Breda (1660).

Won over Parliament and moderates; smoothed path to restoration.

Social consequences of the Declaration of Breda (1660).

Reduced fears of vengeance; encouraged unity.

Economic consequences of the Declaration of Breda (1660).

Promised to respect property ownership from the Interregnum.

Religious consequences of the Declaration of Breda (1660).

Promised religious toleration, raising hopes for dissenters.

Short-term significance of the Declaration of Breda (1660).

Helped avoid civil war; secured broad support.

Long-term significance of the Declaration of Breda (1660).

Trust eroded when toleration promises not fully kept.

What was the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion (1660)?

Pardoned most Parliamentarians, except regicides, for actions during the Civil War and Interregnum.

Causes of the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion (1660).

Charles wanted reconciliation; avoid ongoing conflict; appease moderates.

Political consequences of the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion (1660).

Stabilised the regime by reducing threats of revenge.

Social consequences of the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion (1660).

Encouraged healing after years of division.

Economic consequences of the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion (1660).

Protected land transfers from confiscation.

Religious consequences of the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion (1660).

Unified factions by avoiding persecution based on Civil War loyalties.

Short-term significance of the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion (1660).

Prevented mass reprisals.

Long-term significance of the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion (1660).

Did not resolve deeper political and religious divisions.

What was the Militia Act (1661)?

Law giving the king sole control over the armed forces.

Causes of the Militia Act (1661).

Fear of another military coup like in the 1650s; desire to secure monarchy.

Political consequences of the Militia Act (1661).

Strengthened royal prerogative.

Social consequences of the Militia Act (1661).

Reduced local autonomy over militias.

Economic consequences of the Militia Act (1661).

Small increase in government costs.

Religious consequences of the Militia Act (1661).

Minimal direct effect.

Short-term significance of the Militia Act (1661).

Secured monarchy from army threats.

Long-term significance of the Militia Act (1661).

Established precedent for Crown control of armed forces.

What was the Corporation Act (1661)?

Required municipal officials to swear allegiance to the Crown and Church of England.

Causes of the Corporation Act (1661).

Remove dissenters and republicans from town government.

Political consequences of the Corporation Act (1661).

Ensured royalist dominance in towns.

Social consequences of the Corporation Act (1661).

Excluded non-Anglicans from civic life.

Economic consequences of the Corporation Act (1661).

Reduced economic opportunities for dissenters.

Religious consequences of the Corporation Act (1661).

Reinforced Anglican supremacy.

Short-term significance of the Corporation Act (1661).

Immediate purge of local officials.

Long-term significance of the Corporation Act (1661).

Institutionalised religious discrimination.

What was the Act of Uniformity (1662)?

Required all clergy to use the Book of Common Prayer and be ordained by the Church of England.

Causes of the Act of Uniformity (1662).

Royalists wanted to restore Anglican control after Puritan dominance; part of Clarendon Code.

Political consequences of the Act of Uniformity (1662).

Removed dissenters from official positions.

Social consequences of the Act of Uniformity (1662).

~2000 ministers ejected (Great Ejection); increased nonconformist resentment.

Economic consequences of the Act of Uniformity (1662).

Many dissenting communities lost leaders; hardship for ejected ministers.

Religious consequences of the Act of Uniformity (1662).

Strengthened Anglican dominance; deepened religious divides.

Short-term significance of the Act of Uniformity (1662).

Weakened dissenting influence in local communities.

Long-term significance of the Act of Uniformity (1662).

Entrenched religious divisions for decades.

What was the Conventicle Act (1664)?

Banned religious meetings of more than five people outside the Church of England.

Causes of the Conventicle Act (1664).

Clampdown on dissent after Great Ejection; fear of political radicalism from religious groups.

Political consequences of the Conventicle Act (1664).

Reduced dissenters' ability to organise politically.

Social consequences of the Conventicle Act (1664).

Forced dissenters to meet in secret; persecution increased.

Economic consequences of the Conventicle Act (1664).

Fines imposed on attendees and hosts.

Religious consequences of the Conventicle Act (1664).

Undermined religious freedom; increased bitterness.

Short-term significance of the Conventicle Act (1664).

Temporary suppression of dissent.

Long-term significance of the Conventicle Act (1664).

Strengthened dissenting identity through persecution.

What was the Five Mile Act (1665)?

Prevented ejected ministers from living within five miles of their former parishes or towns.

Causes of the Five Mile Act (1665).

Fear ejected ministers would influence communities against the Church.

Political consequences of the Five Mile Act (1665).

Reduced dissenters’ political voice.

Social consequences of the Five Mile Act (1665).

Weakened dissenting communities.

Economic consequences of the Five Mile Act (1665).

Ministers faced financial ruin.

Religious consequences of the Five Mile Act (1665).

Reinforced Anglican dominance; deepened mistrust.

Short-term significance of the Five Mile Act (1665).

Immediate removal of dissenting influence in key areas.

Long-term significance of the Five Mile Act (1665).

Contributed to dissenters’ resilience and separation.

What was the Clarendon Code?

Set of laws (Corporation Act, Act of Uniformity, Conventicle Act, Five Mile Act) restricting dissenters.

Causes of the Clarendon Code.

Royalist revenge; desire for Anglican unity; fear of political instability.

Political consequences of the Clarendon Code.

Excluded dissenters from political influence.

Social consequences of the Clarendon Code.

Marginalised large sections of the population.

Economic consequences of the Clarendon Code.

Weakened dissenting business networks in towns.

Religious consequences of the Clarendon Code.

Institutionalised Anglican supremacy.

Short-term significance of the Clarendon Code.

Unified royalist and Anglican control.

Long-term significance of the Clarendon Code.

Created enduring religious divisions.

What was the Treaty of Dover (1670)?

Secret treaty between England and France; Charles II agreed to support France against the Dutch and secretly promised to convert to Catholicism.

Causes of the Treaty of Dover (1670).

Charles needed funds; shared interest with France against Dutch trade.

Political consequences of the Treaty of Dover (1670).

Increased suspicion of Charles’ Catholic sympathies.

Social consequences of the Treaty of Dover (1670).

Fuelled anti-Catholic sentiment.

Economic consequences of the Treaty of Dover (1670).

Aimed to damage Dutch trade dominance.

Religious consequences of the Treaty of Dover (1670).

Secret Catholic clause heightened fears of Catholic plot.

Short-term significance of the Treaty of Dover (1670).

Triggered Third Anglo-Dutch War.

Long-term significance of the Treaty of Dover (1670).

Deepened mistrust between Crown and Parliament.

What was the Popish Plot (1678)?

Fake conspiracy invented by Titus Oates claiming Catholics planned to assassinate Charles II.

Causes of the Popish Plot (1678).

Anti-Catholic hysteria; Oates seeking fame.

Political consequences of the Popish Plot (1678).

Executions of innocent Catholics; weakened trust in monarchy.

Social consequences of the Popish Plot (1678).

Mass panic; widespread suspicion of Catholics.

Economic consequences of the Popish Plot (1678).

Minor compared to political/religious impact.

Religious consequences of the Popish Plot (1678).

Intensified anti-Catholic prejudice.

Short-term significance of the Popish Plot (1678).

Parliament passed anti-Catholic laws.

Long-term significance of the Popish Plot (1678).

Contributed to Exclusion Crisis tensions.

What was the Exclusion Crisis (1679–81)?

Political conflict over whether to exclude James, Duke of York (a Catholic), from the throne.

Causes of the Exclusion Crisis (1679–81).

Popish Plot fears; James’ open Catholicism; Whig party push for Protestant succession.

Political consequences of the Exclusion Crisis (1679–81).

Formation of Whigs (pro-exclusion) and Tories (anti-exclusion).

Social consequences of the Exclusion Crisis (1679–81).

Public demonstrations and propaganda.

Economic consequences of the Exclusion Crisis (1679–81).

Political instability hurt investor confidence.