AP World Unit 6 Consequences of Industrialization Review

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.

Great Britain

Mother Country example

Colony

a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country.

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

White Man's Burden

European justification for imperialism

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Sepoys

Indian troops who served in the British army

Scramble for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

The Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

Suez Canal

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

Sepoy Mutiny

an 1857 rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.

The Boer War

Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa.

Muslim League

an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations

The Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

Shaka

A Zulu chief in Southern Africa who used soldiers and good military organization to create a large centralized state.

The Taiping Rebellion

a mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan

Boers

Dutch settlers in South Africa

Self Strengthening Movement

late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders

Union of South Africa

The British united the cape Colony, Orange Free state and Transvaal into the Union of South Africa.

Regent

someone who rules for a child until the child is old enough to rule

Hong Xiuquan

Leader of the Taiping Rebellion

Cixi

Ultraconservative empress in Qing (Manchu) dynasty China. Ruled china in the turbulent late 19th century, not as a true Empress but as an Empress Dowager.

Guano

Bird droppings used as fertilizer; a major trade item of Peru in the late nineteenth century

Guangxu

Chinese ruler who worked to modernize China and developed a constitutional monarchy

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Opium Wars

Wars between Britain and the Qing Empire (mind 1800s), caused by the Qing government's refusal to let Britain import Opium. China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes.

Spheres of Influence

areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Palm Oil

A West African tropical product often used to make soap; the British encouraged its cultivation as an alternative to the slave trade.

Slavery and indentured servitude

forms of coerced and/or semicoerced labor

Migrants

people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries

Labor camps

a prison camp in which a regime of hard labor is enforced.

Cotton, sugar

cash crops from various colonies

Ethnic Enclaves

areas where people from foreign communities congregated in new localities - fostered cultural diffusion

Japanese workers

worked on sugar plantations in the pacific

Receiving Societies

Areas to which migrants moved; did not always embrace the migrants

Chinese Exclusion Acts

Racial laws passed by the US government designed to resist Chinese movement into the United States

Italians

worked as tobacco growers in Latin America

White Australia Policy

Racial laws passed by the Australian government designed to prevent Asian migration