Christopher Columbus, 13 Colonies, French & Indian War

Primary resource

First hand account; eye witness

Encomienda System

Established by Christopher Columbus; a system where a system where he enslaved natives, forced labor upon them, stole their gold and if they retaliated they suffer consequences

Colombian Exchange

Trades from the new world to the old world (reverse too);

New: Cattle, Horses, Weapons, Disease

Old: Potatos, Tobacco, Corn

Pre- Columbus

Natives came over from Russia to the americas during the ice age, they became farmers, hunters, lived in cities, and ate every part of an animal (buffalo)

Massive civilizations

Aztecs, Incas, and Mayas

They had their own language

Maya’s

They came first (era of Roman Empire)

1. Sophisticated calendar

2. Mathematics; developed the zero

3. Glyphs; system of unity

Aztecs

Came second to Mayan’s

Capital: Tenachtilan (lake texaco)

1. Tribute system

2. Class system

Emperor: Moktezuma

Conquistador: Cortez “never seen a city as beautiful” yet Cortez destroyed it.

Inca’s

Location: Peru (andes); destdoyed here

1. Terrace farming

2. Architecture, language, religion, etc.

Capital: Cuzco- Manchu pichu

Conquistador: Pizzaro

Info on Spanish conquistadors

Colonized native Americans, enslaved them, killed them, tortured them, reverted them to Christianity, stole their gold and treasures.

“GOD, GLORY, AND GOLD”

Left behind “missions” (Catholic Churches) in attempt to convert natives to Christianity

Eurocentric View

People who look at history in a European way

French Colonization

1. North America

2. Traded fur and pelt with native Americans giving them weapons and selling the fur in Europe.

3. Forts and outposts: St. Louis, New Orleans, and Iowa (examples of French forts and outposts)

4. Caught animals using traps.

Had a GOOD relationship with Native Americans; Allies

English Colonization

1. Permanent settlements

2. African slavery

3. Agrarian

4. Religions

5. East coast

13 colonies

Colonies started because they were fleeing religious rules in England.

They settled as farmers, fences around farmland, removed natives from areas of settled land.

Virginia

The first colony of the thirteen colonies.

Jamestown

Founded by the Roanoke colony (which is a failed and vanished colony).

John smith arrived to whip the colony into shape to make money out of it.

Imported African slaves to farm tobacco crop to sell to England.

Established the house of burgesses (the first form of democracy in the 13 colonies)

Founded as a joint stock company-colony (people invested into it to make money)

Massachusetts

Second colony of the thirteen colonies.

Founded by the pilgrims (puritans)

The mayflower is a ship and they signed a contract called the Mayflower compact which states that they agree to a civil body politic; political body made up of civilians (another example of democracy).

Took over Massachusetts and drove natives out and had no business with them.

Set really strict religious rules.

10,000 puritans came in order to purify the Church of England.

Colonies leave Massachusetts because they HATE puritans.

What is a pilgrim ?

A pilgrim is a person who makes a religious journey.

Sepertists and Christians who didn’t like the church in England (Anglican).

Sepertists are Pilgrims.

Rhode Island

The third colony of the thirteen colonies.

Founded by Roger Williams.

They fled away from the puritans and Roger payed natives for the land on Rhode Island; started the American Baptist church.

New Hampshire

Founded by: John Mason.

Fleed the Puritans and settled in New Hampshire.

Connecticut

Founded by Thomas Hooke

Fled the puritans

Passed the “fundamental orders of Connecticut” (another example of democracy).

Pennsylvania

Founded by William Penn.

Penn is a son of a wealthy English Lord (payed the English crown a ton of money).

Started the “society of friends”, pacifists.

Penn and his society of friends are called the QUAKERS.

Settlement of Pennsylvania became a free religious settlement open to any faith.

NY, NJ, & Delaware

NY and NORTH NJ were established by the Dutch, they were originally called “New Amsterdam” and “The Netherlands”

SOUTH NJ and Delaware were settled by the Swedes.

The British tried to colonize these colonies and take them away from the Dutch and Swedes.

Maryland

Created as a safe haven for Catholics.

Passed a religion toleration act granting religious freedom for any religion.

What is a Haven?

A place of safety & refuge.

the Carolinas

Both founded for economic profit.

Plantation farming; cash crops.

Establishment of monoculture (one type of crop grown in large quantities).

North Carolina grew TOBACCO

South Carolina grew RICE, INDIGO, and COTTON.

Carolina’s were named after the woman name of Charles.

Georgia

Known as the DEBTER Colony: a prison to pay off criminal’s debts owed to England.

A Spanish buffer.

Quickly then adopts the system of the Carolinas (cash crops), traded with Spain.

English prisons overflowed with debters, made them work off their debt for years to earn freedom.

Named after the king

The New England Way

1. Town meetings

2. In charge of themselves

3. Men wrote and made decisions for their town

Southern colonies

Relied on African slaves, the triangle trade, and middle passage.

Random facts

Must be Anglican in England

North east = New England

Examples of religious freedom in colonies

PA; Quakers

MA; Puritans

MD; Catholics

CT

RI

NH

Slavery in colonies

-cash crops: tobacco, cotton, rice, indigo

VA, MD, NC, SC, GA: developed slavery for cash crops.

Examples of democracy in colonial America

1. House of burgesus in VA “governed by wealthy planters”

2. Connecticut “fundamental orders of Connecticut”

3. Mayflower compact establishing a civil body politic, Massachusetts

4. Town meetings (New England way)

Mercantilism

Colonies trade with their mother country (being England); both traders benefit.

Salutary Neglect

“Healthy neglect”

Automany (letting the colonies run themselves)

French and Indian War

Called a 7 year war in Europe

The end of salutary neglect

Against the French and the colonists

War starts WEST of the Appalachian mountains and EAST of the Mississippi River.

Allies in the war

French were allied with the native Americans

Britain had fewer allies than the French (only the Iroquois confederation native Americans were allied with the British), located west of NY

Into the War

The English moved into the Ohio river valley so the French moved in to maintain Range

22 year old George Washington defeated the French at the Great Meadow

George Washington and the English were strong at first but the French retaliated strongly

Victory and Loss

Incident of the Fort William Massacre; A HUGE BRITISH LOSS!!

The British to the French city of Quebec; a huge British VICTORY. After this the French SURRENDERED.

After the war (Land)

English claimed all French land west of the Appalachian mountains and East of the Mississippi River.

American farmers began to settle in the west resulting in conflict to occur with the natives.

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Chief Pontiac, a Native American, prepared to retaliate against the British, the British ended up winning.

proclamation of 1763

At the end of the war, a treaty was negotiated by England stating that natives can settle west of the Appalachian mountains but are banned natives from settling east of the Mississippi River and colonists banned from settling west of the Appalachian mountains. but they have to stop fighting. The colonists did not like this.