Oxygenation, Pleural Disruptions, Ventilation & Related Pathology

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/49

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

These 50 vocabulary flashcards review key terms related to pleural space disruptions, chest tubes, mechanical ventilation settings, V/Q physiology, COPD, pulmonary embolism, pediatric airway conditions, and sepsis management.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

50 Terms

1
New cards

Pleural Space

The thin potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura surrounding the lungs.

2
New cards

Negative Intrapleural Pressure

Sub-atmospheric pressure within the pleural space that keeps the lungs expanded during normal breathing.

3
New cards

Open Pneumothorax

Air enters the pleural space through a chest-wall opening, collapsing the lung; often called a ‘sucking chest wound.’

4
New cards

Closed Pneumothorax

Air leaks from damaged lung tissue into the pleural space while the chest wall remains intact.

5
New cards

Tension Pneumothorax

Progressive air trapping in the pleural space that raises intrathoracic pressure and compresses the heart and great vessels—an emergency.

6
New cards

Mediastinal Shift

Displacement of the heart and great vessels toward the unaffected side due to high intrathoracic pressure.

7
New cards

Hemothorax

Accumulation of blood in the pleural space, causing lung collapse.

8
New cards

Pleural Effusion

Collection of non-purulent fluid in the pleural space outside the lung.

9
New cards

Empyema

Pus accumulation within the pleural space, usually from infection.

10
New cards

Thoracentesis

One-time needle procedure used to remove air or fluid from the pleural space for relief or diagnosis.

11
New cards

Chest Tube

A catheter inserted into the pleural space for continuous evacuation of air, blood, fluid or pus to restore negative pressure.

12
New cards

Water Seal Chamber

Part of a chest-drainage system that acts as a one-way valve to prevent air re-entry into the pleural space.

13
New cards

Tidaling

Normal rise and fall of water-seal fluid with inhalation and exhalation, indicating chest tube patency.

14
New cards

Air Leak (Chest Tube)

Continuous bubbling in the water-seal chamber signaling unintended air entry into the drainage system or pleural space.

15
New cards

Needle Decompression

Emergency insertion of a large-bore needle into the second intercostal space mid-clavicular line to release trapped air in tension pneumothorax.

16
New cards

Ventilation

The mechanical movement of air in and out of the lungs.

17
New cards

Oxygenation

The process of adding oxygen to arterial blood across the alveolar-capillary membrane.

18
New cards

Positive Pressure Ventilation

Mechanical method that pushes air into the lungs above atmospheric pressure (e.g., ventilator).

19
New cards

Negative Pressure Ventilation

Normal physiologic breathing in which diaphragm contraction creates sub-atmospheric pressure to draw air in.

20
New cards

Tidal Volume (VT)

The amount of air, in milliliters, delivered with each ventilator or spontaneous breath.

21
New cards

Respiratory Rate (RR)

Number of breaths delivered or taken per minute.

22
New cards

Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP)

Ventilator setting that maintains pressure in the lungs at end exhalation to keep alveoli open and improve oxygenation.

23
New cards

Fraction of Inspired Oxygen (FiO2)

Percentage of oxygen delivered to the patient by a ventilator or device; ranges from 21% (room air) to 100%.

24
New cards

V/Q Ratio

Relationship between ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q); ideal value is 1:1 for optimal gas exchange.

25
New cards

High V/Q (Alveolar Dead Space)

Condition where ventilation exceeds perfusion, often from pulmonary embolism or low blood flow.

26
New cards

Low V/Q (Shunt)

Condition where perfusion exceeds ventilation due to airway obstruction, atelectasis, or pneumonia.

27
New cards

Elastin

Stretchy connective-tissue protein in alveolar walls that allows recoil during exhalation.

28
New cards

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT)

Protease inhibitor that protects lung elastin from breakdown; deficiency leads to early-onset emphysema.

29
New cards

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Progressive, largely irreversible obstructive lung disease encompassing chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

30
New cards

Chronic Bronchitis

COPD subtype characterized by chronic productive cough and airway inflammation for at least 3 months in 2 successive years.

31
New cards

Emphysema

COPD subtype with destruction of alveolar walls, loss of elastin, air trapping and enlarged air spaces.

32
New cards

Air Trapping

Retention of air in the lungs due to collapse or obstruction of small airways during exhalation.

33
New cards

Barrel Chest

Increased anterior-posterior diameter of the thorax seen in advanced emphysema from chronic hyperinflation.

34
New cards

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

Obstruction of a pulmonary artery by a clot, fat, or air, impairing perfusion and causing high V/Q.

35
New cards

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

Formation of a thrombus in a deep leg or pelvic vein; most common source of emboli causing PE.

36
New cards

Physiologic Dead Space

Ventilated lung regions that receive little or no perfusion, contributing to wasted ventilation.

37
New cards

Shunt Physiology

Perfused but non-ventilated lung regions leading to hypoxemia unresponsive to oxygen therapy.

38
New cards

Grunting (Pediatric)

Expiratory sound produced to maintain airway pressure and improve oxygenation during respiratory distress.

39
New cards

Nasal Flaring

Widening of the nostrils during inspiration to decrease airway resistance in respiratory distress.

40
New cards

Stridor

High-pitched inspiratory sound indicating upper airway obstruction.

41
New cards

Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)

Viral inflammation causing subglottic airway narrowing, barking cough and possible stridor.

42
New cards

Acute Epiglottitis

Bacterial infection causing supraglottic swelling, drooling and severe airway obstruction—true emergency.

43
New cards

Sepsis

Life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection.

44
New cards

qSOFA

Bedside sepsis screening tool using altered mentation, systolic BP ≤100 mmHg, and respiratory rate ≥22/min.

45
New cards

Lactate (in Sepsis)

Serum marker of tissue hypoperfusion; levels >2 mmol/L suggest anaerobic metabolism.

46
New cards

Sepsis Bundle

Evidence-based set of actions: draw lactate, obtain cultures, give broad-spectrum antibiotics, rapid fluids, and vasopressors as needed.

47
New cards

Vasopressor

Medication (e.g., norepinephrine) that constricts blood vessels to raise mean arterial pressure in septic shock.

48
New cards

Hyperdynamic Circulation (Sepsis)

Early sepsis state marked by high cardiac output, low SVR, warm skin and bounding pulses.

49
New cards

Phrenic Nerve

C3–C5 spinal nerve that innervates the diaphragm and controls spontaneous breathing.

50
New cards

Erythropoietin

Hormone released by the kidneys during hypoxia to stimulate red blood cell production in bone marrow.