Sociology Unit 1A - Socialisation, Culture and Identity

Skeggs (T1)

resocialisation in the workplace, working class women in healthcare

Mead and Goffman (T2)

humans act/perform in the way expected, aware they will be judged

Gannon (T2)

older women discriminated due to gender and age

Hobsbawm (T3)

free to construct identity, range of consumer choices

Bennett (T4)

'neo-tribes', without distinctive styles, e.g. emos

Lury (T4)

identifies features of consumer culture

Katz and Sugiyama (t4)

items create identity

Gordon (T5)

selective law enforcement, working class > middle and upper class

Goffman (T5)

individuals in total institutions, become institutionalised, lack of self identity and ability to cope with 'real world'

Right Realists (T5)

punishments should be stricter, retributive justice

Savage (T6)

14% working class, 25% middle class, 6% elite

Wilmott and Young (T6)

traditional working class values

Marshall et al. (T6)

60% identify with specific social class

Giddens (T6)

people have access to information and ability to make decisions due to new tech

Adebayo and Bankole (T7)

polyandry popular in nepal

Bridget Byrne (T9)

focus of citizenship ceremonies is democracy, freedom, collective memories - idealised view

Durkheim (T9)

high patriotic symbols of state, pledge allegiance to the country

Kumar (T9)

missionary nationalism, overly patriotic, repression of ordinary expressions

Miller and Slater (T9)

internet damaging local identities in Trinidad, cultural resistance to losing identity

Stuart Hall (T9)

3 responses to globalisation: accept global culture, take on cultural hybridity, apply cultural resistance

Robertson (T9)

adoption of globalisation, reject cultural imperialism

Hockey and James (T10)

infantilisation of the elderly, dependent on children for care, learned helplessness

Arber and Ginn (T10)

older people make significant contributions to economy, via unpaid work

Goffman (T10)

identity formed by labelling, youth marginalised so becomes master status

Featherstone and Hepworth (T10)

older people expected to act in accordance to stereotypes, refusal to conform, however dependent on consumer power

Philipson et al. (T10)

old age shaped communities, voluntary sector significantly valued in society, time of opportunity

Shakespeare (T11)

disabled people socialised into learned helplessness, lack of ability/power

Murugarni (T11)

disabled people have ability to self-construct identity, ability not disability

McRuer (T11)

disabled communities seeking to change language, 'crip theory' - have to perform during assessments

Weeks (T12)

coming out seen as powerful statement, sexual identity complex and contradictory

Kinsey Report (T12)

37% men had gay sex, fewer identified as gay

Rich (T12)

women socialised into heterosexuality, sexuality oppressed by men through patriarchal institutions

Michel Foucault (T12)

sexuality socially constructed, dependent on discourse in society at time, 50yrs ago not socially expected, 72+ countries criminalised

Theresa May (T12)

2018, banned conversion therapy, still practiced in the UK

Kate Julian (T12)

sexual recession, activity and identity importance less important

Sharpe (T1)

young women aims changing

Davis and Moore (T2)

education teaches meritocracy

The Sutton Trust (T2)

influential people more likely to be privately educated

Becker (T2)

labelling theory

Hakim (T2)

women exercise sexual freedom and engage in hypersexual culture

Sewell (T2)

media influence on ethnic identity, educational underachievement in african-caribbean youth

Burchill (T2)

critical of religious modesty

Watson (T2)

religious modesty as a symbol of freedom

Modood (T2)

children from minority backgrounds moving away from tradition

Bruce (T2)

religion used as cultural defence

Waddington (T2)

canteen culture

Structuralism

society/institutions controls individuals

Functionalism

consensus over norms and values

Marxism and Feminism

society in conflict, oppression due to ruling class/men

Durkheim (T3)

organic analogy of society, institutions maintain value consensus, meritocracy

Marx (T3)

capitalism creates conflict, bourgeoise > proletariat

Hebdige (T4)

studied punk youth

Adorno (T4)

false psychological need for consumerism, marxism socialises into unquestioning attitudes

ONS Social Class Scheme (T6)

defines 8 social classes, based on occupation

Bourdieu (T6)

ruling class pass down cultural capital

Castells (T6)

people without technology, marginalised

Hines (T7)

transgenderism, rejects notion of binary gender

Gilmore (T7)

male portrayal, provider, protector and impregnator

Connell (T7)

hegemonic masculinity, 4 types of masculinity

Mac an Ghail (T7)

crisis of masculinity

Wilkinson (T7)

genderquake, shift in values in the workplace

Pinker (T7)

toxic masculinity, unable to move into 'tender' masculinity

Hewitt (T8)

all cultures celebrated except white working class

Johal (T8)

2nd and 3nd generation 'brasians', dual identity

Giddens (T8)

hyper-ethnicity, return to traditional ideologies

Zempi (T8)

experienced extreme racism whilst wearing burkha

Bhopal (T8)

ethnocentric institutions, white history in education

Kate Fox (T9)

British identity is confusing, distinct language codes, e.g. weather

Ritzer (T9)

americanisation, leads to homogenisation and losing national identity

Berry (T10)

older people marginalised due to technology in contemporary society, old age seems to be pitied

McCormack (T12)

highlight positive change, 1980s - AIDS crisis, extreme homophobia, now - studied youth, hugely accepting

Parsons (T1)

nature causing differences in genders, men = instrumental roles, women = expressive roles

Murray and Herrnstein (T1)

born with low IQ, predisposition to aggressions, temper and impulsiveness

Ghuman (T1)

british asian parents values

Murray (T1)

single parents inadequate socialisers

Hey (T2)

informal sanctions, cliques in female friendship groups, femininity depends on social class

Poole (T2)

islamophobia in the media

Smith et al. (T2)

cyber bullying

Turkle (T2)

increased time on social media having negative effect on relationships

Walter (T2)

hypersexual culture, concerned of unrealistic expectations

Hyak (T2)

white men wanting to role model themselves with rap culture

Back (T4)

hybrid identities in south london

Nyak (T4)

'white wannabes', adopt black street culture

Fox (T4)

british culture has unique features

McLuhan (T4)

global culture positive, brings cultural exchange

Ritzer (T4)

mcdonalization, local cultures disappearing

King and Smith (T6)

jack wills, target upper class

McRobbie and Garbler (T7)

bedroom culture

Jackson (T7)

girls increasingly involved in violence and gangs

Guardian Survey (T7)

challenging gender stereotypes

Alexander (T8)

symbolic markers of black culture

Natasha Walter (T12)

sexual attraction to women become increasing focus, unwelcome pressure fromthe media, 47% tried something they saw in porn during sex

Simpson (T1)

norms differ dependent on place, 'homo-spaces'

Oakley (T1)

manipulation and canalisation

Gillies (T1)

middle class parents vs working class parents focus for children, education vs coping strategies

Durkheim (T2)

hidden curriculum

Parsons (T2)

role allocation at early age

Bowles and Gintis (T2)

hidden curriculum teaches values of working class

Interactionism

individuals control society

Postmodernism

society quickly developing, other theories out of date