AP Euro Protestant Reformation ID Terms

simony

the buying and selling of church offices

pluralism

the practice of holding multiple church offices; an effect of simony

absenteeism

the failure of clergy to show up to work; an effect of pluralism

sale of indulgences

people paying money to the Church to absolve their sins or sins of their loved ones

Martin Luther

German monk who wrote the 95 Theses; major leader of Church reform and was notably against the sale of indulgences

Johann Tetzel

friar who sold indulgences in many places, notably Wittenberg; spread the sale of indulgences to Germany, which aggravated Luther and encouraged him to write the 95 Theses

95 Theses

list of Luther's ideas that were posted on the church door at Wittenberg, questioning the Roman Catholic Church; sparked massive debate and led to the Protestant Reformation

Johann Eck

Catholic theologian who was Luther's primary opponent; during the Leipzig Debate, he forced Luther to move beyond indulgences and deny the authority of popes and councils; identified Luther's ideas with those of Jan Hus

"priesthood of all believers"

Protestant doctrine which asserts that all humans have access to God through Christ and thus do not need a priestly mediator; implies that all Christians are equal

Diet of Worms

assembly called by Charles V where Luther was ordered to recant, but he refused and was titled a heretic; after this, it was banned to spread his works and ideas in the empire

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor who called for the Diet of Worms and officially labeled Luther as a heretic; defender of the Catholic faith and fought back against the Protestant Reformation with the Counter-Reformation

German Peasants' War

uprisings by German peasants who were suffering from economic changes; became entangled with the Protestant Reformation and relied heavily on a misinterpretation of Luther's priesthood of all believers; Luther denounced the peasants due to this

Schmalkaldic League

alliance formed by Protestant German states who vowed to assist each other "whenever any one of us is attacked on account of the Word of God and the doctrine of the Gospel"; formed in response to Charles V suppressing the Lutheran movement and split the Holy Roman Empire into two parts based on religion

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

treaty which marked an end to religious warfare in Germany; accepted the right of each German ruler to determine the religion of their subjects

Anabaptists

extremely radical Protestants who insisted that only adult baptism conformed to Scripture; beliefs were especially attractive to those who had been adversely affected by the economic changes of the age; believed in a complete separation of church and state; all believers were considered equal

John of Leyden

Anabaptist leader who led a radical group of Anabaptists to take control of the northwestern German city of Münster, where they implemented practices such as communal ownership of goods and polygamy; he personally had 16 wives

Ulrich Zwingli

leader of the Swiss Reformation and was strongly influenced by Christian humanism; his preaching of the Gospel led to a public debate in the town

hall, which gave an advantage to reformers since Catholics were not used to defending their teachings

Marburg Colloquy

meeting that was conducted between Luther and Zwingli in an attempt to unite the Protestants; failure to agree on how Christ was present in the bread and wine of the Eucharist; foreshadowed the creation of different Protestant groups

John Calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society; his book, Institutes of the Christian Religion, secured his reputation as a major Protestant leader; his ideas were strongly influenced by Luther's works

predestination

unique Calvinist belief that God had already chosen some people to be saved (the elect) and others to be damned (the reprobate)

Michael Servetus

Spanish theologian who was a major leader of the Anti-Trinitarians; expressed many of his new ideas in his book De Trinitatis erroribus libri vii; condemned as a heretic and burnt alive for his views, which drew severe criticism upon Calvin for using the death penalty

John Knox

leader of the Scottish Reformation who was extremely controversial; described the events in his book History of the Reformation in Scotland; he reformed churches to run democratically

Presbyterianism

branch of the Protestant Reformation that grew in Scotland; ideas come from Calvin and Knox; believed in a democratic method of church governance where there were no bishops

Huguenots

French Calvinists who came from all levels of society, from shopkeepers to nobility; around 40%-50% of French nobility became these, making the group a strong-willed and well-organized minority

Puritans

English Calvinists who were firmly against customary forms of entertainment such as dancing and drinking in taverns; aimed to make their lifestyle the pattern for the whole nation; founded colonies in America as working models of their way of life

English Reformation

branch of the Protestant Reformation, which was initiated by King Henry VIII's desire for an annulment; led to the creation of a separate Church of England

William Tyndale

English biblical translator who produced the first printed version of the English New Testament; believed that the Bible alone should determine church practices and that all believers should be able to read the Bible in their own language

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage

In Defense of the Seven Sacraments

treatise written by Henry VIII, which attacked Luther's doctrines and defended Pope Leo X; this was written when he was still a devout Roman Catholic and led to Leo titling him "Defender of the Faith"

Catherine of Aragon

Henry VIII's first wife; his attempts to annul their marriage led to the English Reformation; mother of Mary Tudor

Thomas Wolsey

English cardinal who was the highest-ranking English church official and lord chancellor to the king; dismissed by Henry VIII for not getting the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon

Act of Supremacy

act which made Henry VIII the supreme head on earth of the Church of England, severing ecclesiastical links with Rome

Pilgrimage of Grace

Catholic uprising in England that tried to restore the Catholic religion, drive Protestant leadership from London, and acknowledge Mary Stuart as England's rightful heir

Statute of the Six Articles

act that established the fact that the Anglican Church maintained most Catholic doctrines; reinforced existing heresy laws and reasserted traditional Catholic doctrine as the basis of faith for the English Church

Edward VI

Henry VIII's only son; succeeded him as king despite being only nine years old and very sickly; moved the Church of England in a more Protestant direction during his short reign after he died at fifteen years old

Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary)

daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon; strongly disliked for her marriage to Phillip II who was unpopular in England; attempted to fully restore Catholicism to England, but failed as her burning of hundreds of Protestants made England more Protestant by the end of her reign

Elizabeth I politique

policy that prioritized the stability and unity of England rather than being focused on religious division

Elizabethan Settlement

group of English parliamentary laws passed early in Elizabeth's reign that required conformity to the Church of England and uniformity of church worship; included the Thirty-Nine Articles and acts such as the Act of Uniformity

Thirty-Nine Articles

statement issued by Elizabeth which established the foundation of the Anglican Church and defined its doctrines and practices

Mary Stuart (Mary Queen of Scots)

Scottish Catholic queen who fled Scotland during its reformation; as a great-granddaughter of Henry VII of England, she believed that Elizabeth's throne was hers; beheaded after she was found guilty of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth

Teresa de Avila

Spanish nun and leader of the reform movement for monasteries and convents; believed an individual could have a direct relationship with God through prayer and contemplation; the first woman to have been honored with the title doctor of the church by the Pope

Catholic and Counter Reformation

era in which the Church reformed itself in an attempt to bring more people in and counter the Protestant Reformation

Council of Trent

meeting of Roman Catholic leaders called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers; conservatives won out against the moderates, favoring an uncompromising restatement of Catholic doctrines in strict opposition to Protestant positions

Index of Prohibited Books

list of forbidden reading materials published by the Holy Office; said works were considered dangerous to the faith or morals of Roman Catholics

Jesuits (Society of Jesus)

Roman Catholic religious order founded by Loyola which resembled the structure of a military command; grounded on the principles of absolute obedience to the papacy, a strict hierarchical order for the society, the use of education to achieve its goals, and a dedication to engage in "conflict for God"

Ignatius Loyola

founded the Jesuits (Society of Jesus); had his military career cut short due to injuries; experienced a spiritual torment similar to Luther's but, unlike Luther, resolved his problems not by a new doctrine but by a decision to submit his will to the will of the church; his book The Spiritual Exercises was a training manual for spiritual development