READ101 WEEK 4

Reading as a cognitive process

involves the process of memory and recall.

ATTENTION

also known as focus, is the concentration of awareness on a particular phenomenon while ignoring other stimuli.

SELECTIVE

SUSTAINED

EXECUTIVE

DIVIDED

types of attention

SELECTIVE ATTENTION

It helps the reader focus on the text and ignore distractions, whether external or internal.

SUSTAINED ATTENTION

It allows the reader to stay engaged long enough to follow ideas across sentences, paragraphs, and whole texts.

EXECUTIVE ATTENTION

It helps the reader monitor understanding, notice confusion, and shift strategies when meaning breaks down.

DIVIDED ATTENTION

It is the ability to process multiple tasks simultaneously but is usually less helpful in serious reading because splitting attention across tasks tends to reduce accuracy and comprehension.

ENCODING

It is a biological process that begins when individuals use their senses (sensory information).

• It allows for the perceived stimuli to be converted into important information to be stored in the brain.

WORD RECOGNITION

It refers to the ability of an individual to accurately and swiftly identify and comprehend written words in a text based on their visual and phonological properties.

PHONOLOGICAL

ORTHOGRAPHIC

SEMANTIC

COMPONENTS OF WORD

RECOGNITION

PHONOLOGICAL

the sound representation of words

ORTHOGRAPHIC

the visual representation of words

SEMANTIC

the meaning of words

DECODING

It is the process of translating print into speech by rapidly matching a letter or combination of letters (graphemes) to their sounds (phonemes) and recognizing the patterns that make syllables and words.

WORD FORMATION

The process that allows us to create new words with grammatical resources already available within a language.

This must obey the rules of the language, i.e., its grammar.

STEM

AFFIX

THE BUILDING BLOCKS

STEM

– a morpheme, or a word, to which other morphemes can attach.

AFFIX

– a morpheme that attaches only to a stem.

DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES

type of affix that creates new words with new meanings and can change the grammatical categories of the words

INFLECTIONAL AFFIXES

type of affix that adds grammatical information to the words without changing the meaning

COMPOUNDING

It involves attaching a stem to another stem. (ex. toothpaste, sunflower, footprint)

BACKFORMATION

it involves removing from a word a part of it that is perceived as an affix. (ex. donate, diagnose)

CLIPPING

Words are used in shortened form by subtracting one or more syllables from a word. (ex. ads, phone, vet)

ACRONYM

It involves joining together the initial letters of the words and is pronounced as one word.

BLENDING

It takes segments from words and joins them together in a new word that retains meaning characteristics from the original words. (ex. motel, podcast, blog)

BORROWING

It is the process of taking words from other languages. (ex. bazaar, Algebra, piano)

COINAGE

New words are coined or invented from existing material to represent a new invention or development. (ex. Google, Xerox, Band-aid)

Schema Activation

They bring prior knowledge, expectations, concepts, experiences, and text-structure knowledge to the act of reading.

Metacognition

Metacognition means thinking about and regulating one's own thinking.

METACOGNITIVE KNOWLEDGE

knowing about oneself as a reader, about tasks, and about strategies

METACOGNITIVE REGULATION

planning, monitoring, and evaluating comprehension while reading

STORING

It is the process by which all important bits of information are placed in the long-term memory systems

SHORT-TERM MEMORY (STM)

• It is also referred to as the “working memory” and occurs in the prefrontal cortex.

• It refers to a cognitive system that temporarily holds and manipulates information necessary for various mental tasks, such as problem-solving, reasoning, learning, and comprehension.

• It stores information within milliseconds and its capacity is limited to seven items only.

LONG-TERM MEMORY (LTM)

• It occurs in the hippocampus of the temporal lobe.

• Bits of information that are stored here can be retrieved.

• It has unlimited content and storage capacity.

• Types of LTM: declarative memory (semantic and episodic) and procedural memory

SKILL MEMORY (SM)

• It is processed in the cerebellum which transmits information to the basal ganglia.

• It stores automatic learned memories such as tying a shoelace, riding a bicycle, using a computer, and so on.

RETRIEVING

• It is defined as “the process of obtaining or extracting information or material” (Oxford Dictionary, 2019).

• Retrieval of information may only be possible if it is in the long-term memory. The needed information should be made mappable in order to be retrieved.

recall

recollection

recognition

relearning

4 Ways to Retrieve Information

Recall

means the retrieval of information without being cued.

Recollection

involves reconstruction or logical structures of information down from the memory lane.

Recognition

makes the information mappable after it is experienced again.

Relearning

makes the information easy to retrieve if it is learned again.