Pivot Point 102.4,102.5 Electricity

electromagnetic radiation

energy in the form of waves or particles of electric and magnetic fields

electricity

form of energy that produces light, heat, magnetic, and chemical changes

electrons

most electricity used daily consists of a flow of tiny, negatively charged particles called _________

conductor

material that best transports electricity (silver, copper metals)

insulator

material that doesn't allow current to pass through it (silk, plastic, rubber)

amp

unit of strength (too strong for esthetic purposes)

volt

unit of electrical pressure

ohm

unit of resistance

watt

measure of power per second

battery

produces only direct current

generator

produces alternating current

parallel wiring

loads can be run alone or at the same time

series wiring

runs all loads at the same time

two forms of electric current

direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC)

direct current

electrons move at an even rate in one direction (galvanic)

alternating current

electrons flow first in one direction, then the other (high frequency)

inverter

changes DC to AC

rectifier

changes AC to DC

transformer

transfers electricity by an oscillating magnetic field that connects two or more electrical currents

capacitor

stores electrical charge, released when in demand (lasers)

polarity

negative and positive poles at the end of a circuit

poles of the same charge:

repel

poles of opposite charge:

attract

waveforms

visual representation of the output current that varies in time, strength, and direction. either monophasic or biphasic

monophasic

one phase

biphasic

two phases

rectangular waveform (pulse wave)

has constant amplitude over the pulse duration

square waveform

periodic waveform that instantly transitions between two levels of rise and fall times at a steady frequency

sinusoidal waveform (smooth wave)

linear wave motion with periodic rise and fall times in a motion that is up and down or side to side

saw-toothed waveform

periodic waveform in which the rise time and fall time are different

triangular waveform

periodic linear waveform that has rise and fall times that are equal

overload

more current flows than the line is designed to carry

short circuit

can occur anytime a foreign conductor comes in contact with a wire carrying current to an appliance

fuse

contains fine metal wire; allows current to flow through it

grounding

the transfer of excess charge through a conductor to earth

static electricity

a stationary electric charge, typically produced by friction, that causes sparks or crackling or the attraction of dust or hair.

circuit breaker

reusable safety device that breaks the flow of current when an overload occurs

GFCI

ground fault circuit interrupter; interrupts power if there is contact with water, preventing electric shock

what should you do with frayed or exposed wire?

dispose or repair

should you put water on an electrical fire?

no

PASS (fire extinguisher)

pull, aim, squeeze, spray

electrotherapy categories

thermal effect, mechanical or magnetic effect, electrochemical effort

thermal effect

friction generated from rubbing your hands together, can be mild and pleasant, but can also be intense and damaging

pyrolisis

thermal breakdown of the skin (blister forms)

conduction

the transfer of heat via direct contact

convenction

the transfer of heat via liquid or gas

radiation

the transfer of heat through a vacuum (empty space)

steamer

convection; moist heat increases desquamation; activates enzymes used for exfoliation, loosens trapped debris, increases vadosilation of capillaries

lucas spray pulverizer

convection; increases hydration by delivering herbal ingredients and moist heat, increases vasodilation of capillaries

electric mask/mitts/booties

conduction; hydrate by enhancing product absorption, increase vasodilation, relax muscles

high frequency

conduction; disinfection, increased microcirculation (AC)

rotating brush

loosens trapped debris, exfoliates skin, increased vasodilation of capillaries. energy drives brush head.

vacuum spray

balances pH by delivering toner to skin, loosens trapped debris, increases microcirculation. energy drives motor to create airflow or vacuum.

microdermabrasion

exfoliates skin, increases microcirculation. energy drives motor to create airflow and vacuum. attachment delivers abrasive material and vacuum action.

galvanic device

deep cleansing, stimulation of microcirculation, soothing, tissue tightening, enhances product absorption, reduction of erythema. (DC)

galvanic; anaphoresis

desincrustation, negative pole

galvanic; cataphoresis

iontopheresis, positive pole

microcurrent device

tissue tightening, stimulation of microcirculation and muscle motor points, enhances product absorption, soothes nerve endings. (DC) delivered by two electrodes.

combination effect

when two or more effects of electric energy are produced at the same time. [ex: skin scrubber exfoliates (mechanical) while generating heat to increase microcirculation (thermal)]

electrotherapy results

reduction in pain, reduction in edema, muscle stimulation, nerve stimulation

electrotherapy improves skin's appearance by:

stimulation, product application enhancement and deep cleansing.

direct current devices

galvanic, faradic, pulsed DC

alternating current devices

sinusoidal (50hz), high frequency (200,000hz

)

pulse

length of time that current is flowing

frequency

number of electrical pulses delivered to the body in one second (measured in kHz)

phototherapy

light therapy

light

part of the electromagnetic spectrum that ranges from radio waves to gamma rays. source of energy that vibrates in waves from the sun. is always moving, cant be stored, but can be generated.

oxygen

plants use light energy is photosynthesis, which produces ______

ablation

removal or death of the tissue

three types of light tissue reactions

photothermal, photochemical, photomechanical

photothermal

heats and destroys tissue or uses selective photothermolysis to target chromophores (co2 laser, IPL)

photochemical

the light creates a chemical reaction in the body or cellular stimulation (LED)

photomechanical

short burst of light and heat breaks up the target molecules within tissue. (tattoo laser removal)

4 types of light-tissue interaction

scattering, reflection, transmission, absorption

scattering (light tissue interaction)

photons hit the surface and are scattered, depth of light penetration is limited

reflection (light tissue interaction)

photons hit the surface and bounce back

transmission (light tissue interaction)

photons penetrate the surface; skin color imoacts the transmission

absorption (light tissue interaction)

photons are absorbed by chromophores in the tissue this generates heat or stimulates cellular processes.

photosensitivity

a concern when using light therapy; medications, disease and topical products such as glycolic acid can cause the skin to be more sensitive to light.

electromagnetic spectrum

the range of all electromagnetic radiation, including light

visible light

400-700nm range that produces visible color, human eye sees colors, often used in therapeutic applications

invisible light

infrared (IR) or ultraviolet (UV), human eye cannot see, heat energy can be felt, can be very damaging, UVA, UBV, and UVC

salon/spa ideal light

a balance of LED, incandescent, and fluorescent lighting

fluorescent light

economical and long lasting, can create blue or cool casts.

incandescent light

commonly produces red or warmer tones. close substitute for natural light

LED

best used for efficiency and color accuracy. available in neutral, cool, or warm casts. come to full brightness with no need to warm up

infrared light

produces heat; increases circulation; increases skin gland secretions; relaxes muscles; stimulates cell and tissue activity. exposure time 5-15 minutes

ultraviolet light

shorter wavelength, positive and negative effects depending on exposure, small doses help produce vitamin D, germicidal and can kill skin infection causing bacteria.

UVC

(100-280nm) shortest length, absorbed by ozone

UVB

(280-315nm) "burn," shorter rays, stimulates melanin production, known as burning rays

UVA

(314-500nm) "age," longest ray of UV, used in tanning beds, destroys collagen and elastin, known as aging rays

light applications in esthetics

UVC: sterilization

UVA: sun lamps, wood's lamp

visible light: laser illumination lamp

IR: near - thermotherapy

what affects UV exposure?

altitude (high), latitude (in proximity to the equator), time of year (summer), time of day (10a-4p).