Intelligence Test

what is the difference between reliability and validity?

reliability - consistency and stability of a measurement (test produces same results under the same conditions)

validity - accuracy of measurement, or extent to test measures what it intends to measure

Can a test be reliable without being valid?

Yes but in order to be useful it must be both valid and reliable

WAIS and WISC

the WISC is for children and adolescents ( 6 to 16), while the WAIS is for adults ( 16 and up)

Intelligence

Mental quality consisting of ability to learn from experience and adapt to new situations

Factor Analysis

A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items.

Nature vs. Nurture

The debate over whether intelligence is determined by heredity (nature) or environment (nurture).

Intelligence Tests

Tests designed to measure people's mental abilities and assign them a score.

General intelligence score

An overall rating that indicates performance on various complex tasks, in various jobs, and in varied countries.

Sternberg's Three Intelligences

A theory proposing three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.

Mental age

the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance.

General Intelligence

A measure of cognitive abilities, often assessed through standardized tests.

IQ Test

A test invented to predict academic performance.

Standardization

The process of defining meaningful scores relative to a pretested group.

Normal Curve

The symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes.

Reliability

The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting.

Validity

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

predictive validity

it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior.

Intellectual abilities

The mental capacities that are often thought to be inherited or influenced by one's environment. Memory, problem solving, reaosning, abstract skills, langauge, etc

Genetic variation

Differences in DNA among individuals that can contribute to variations in traits such as intelligence.

Intelligence test bias

cultural differneces, lanaguge barriers, disabilities

Standardized tests

Tests that must meet criteria of being standardized, reliable, and valid, with scores typically forming a normal curve.

Binet's intelligence testing

Initiated the modern intelligence-testing movement to predict children's academic progress.

Stanford - Binet

An intelligence test that measures cognitive abilities and is widely used for assessing intelligence.

What are the 3 groups of standardized tests used for intelligence?

Analytical, Creative and Practical

What is the WAIS

The WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) is one of the most widely-used standardized IQ tests.

intelligence quotient (IQ)

ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 [thus, IQ = (ma/ca) x 100].

mental age

the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

savant syndrome

A syndrome (disabled) person has remarkable talent that contrasts with his low level of general intelligence.

factor analysis

correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables

normal curve #s

99.74% (widest), 95.44% (middle), 68.26% (lowest)

content validity

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

stereotype threat

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Heritability

the ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next

Flynn effect

the worldwide phenomenon that shows intelligence test performance has been increasing over the years

Achievement Tests

tests that measure a person's existing knowledge and skills

Aptitude Tests

tests designed to predict a person's future performance

Research Methods

specific strategies or techniques for systematically conducting research

case study

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

longitudinal study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

experiment

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

correlational study

a research project designed to discover the degree to which two variables are related to each other

survey

a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

naturalistic observation

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Test

assessment

operational definition

a statement of the procedures used to define research variables

operational definition example

human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures

Generalizable Research

Findings applicable to broader populations.

BROTHERS

determining factors for a quality study

Basis of Comparison

the standard or reference point an individual uses to evaluate themselves, their actions, or their relationships, often involving social comparisons.

random sampling

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

technique of experiment

independent and dependent variable. control and experimental group

Hypothesis matches the conclusion

Findings of your study should address your original hypothesis

Ethics in Research

informed consent, confidentiality, debriefing, no harm, ability to say no

Replication

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

standardization of procedure

All participants follow the same order of events within a study

IQ equation

mental age/ chronological age x 100 = IQ

hindsight bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

illusury correlation

perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship

Biomedical Data

Data generated from gene sequencing and medical clinics. heart rate, homronal levels, etc

experimental group

In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

control group

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

placebo effect

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.

double-blind procedure

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.

g factor (general intelligence)

a person's underlying intelligence that influences performance on tests of mental abilities

cross-sectional study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

AAQ

Article analysis question. This is the format of the open ended question. It has 7 parts I belive, but they are short answers. Know operational definitions and types of study's