BIO 122 Lymphatics and Immunity

Antigen-detecting cells are found chiefly in the:

a) lymph nodes

b) liver

c) graft site

d) kidney

a) lymph nodes

MHC proteins:

a) are present on the surface of our bodies' cells

b) can be recognized by T cells

c) are 'histocompatability antigens'

d) all of the above are correct

d) all of the above are correct

Which cell is directly responsible for antibody production?

a) B lymphocyte

b) red blood cell

c) plasma cell

d) monocyte

c) plasma cell

Which of the body's defenses is mainly directed against viruses?

a) antibodies

b) phagocytes

c) interferon

d) B cells

c) interferon

The T-cells of the immune system are responsible for the production of antibodies.

a) True

b) False

b) False

A condition in which, for example, the body forms antibodies against its own red blood cells is called:

a) an auto-immune disease

b) hypersensitivity

c) a simple antigen-antibody reaction

d) an allergy

a) an auto-immune disease

T cells are important in:

a) antibody production

b) phagocytosis

c) detecting cancer cells

d) producing viruses

c) detecting cancer cells

Before specific defenses are activated, most antigens must

a) infect cells.

b) be processed by a phagocyte.

c) bind to the DNA of the lymphocyte.

d) depolarize the lymphocyte.

e) either infect cells or be processed by a phagocyte.

e) either infect cells or be processed by a phagocyte.

All of the following are true of the secondary response to antigen exposure except that it

a) depends on memory B cells.

b) results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response.

c) results in much quicker rise in antibody titers.

d) produces more IgG antibodies.

e) weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.

e) weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.

Leslie has a bad sore throat, and the lymph glands in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that

a) the focus of the infection is the lymph glands.

b) lymph is not flowing through these lymph glands.

c) the affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes.

d) the lymph gland is actively producing phagocytes.

e) the lymph gland has increased its secretion of thymosin.

c) the affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes.

Suppressor T cells act to

a) suppress antigens.

b) erase memory T cells.

c) limit antigen proliferation.

d) inhibit T and B cell activities.

e) produce antibodies involved in autoimmunity.

d) inhibit T and B cell activities.

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except

a) lymphatic vessels.

b) the venae cavae.

c) the spleen.

d) lymph nodes.

e) lymph.

b) the venae cavae.

Inflammation produces localized

a) swelling.

b) redness.

c) heat.

d) pain.

e) All of the answers are correct.

e) All of the answers are correct.

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the

a) T cells.

b) B cells.

c) NK cells.

d) phagocytes/neutrophils.

e) plasma cells.

d) phagocytes/neutrophils.

All of the following are true of the primary response to antigen exposure except that

a) it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell.

b) it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells.

c) it is delayed by the memory cell stage.

d) circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise.

e) it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure.

c) it is delayed by the memory cell stage.

The thymus produces several complementary hormones called

a) catecholamines.

b) thymosins.

c) immunoglobulins.

d) desmosomes.

e) interferons.

b) thymosins.

Cells that help regulate the antibody-mediated immune response are ________ cells.

a) B

b) plasma

c) helper T

d) cytotoxic T

e) NK

c) helper T

T cells release cytokines to stimulate the activation of

a) plasma cells.

b) B cells.

c) antibodies.

d) immunoglobulins.

b) B cells.

During a primary response to antigen exposure, all of the following occur except

a) the antigen must activate appropriate B cells.

b) B cells may take time to develop into plasma cells and memory cells.

c) antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure.

d) neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances.

e) the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM type.

d) neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances.

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.

a) naturally acquired active

b) natural acquired passive

c) passive

d) auto

e) innate

a) naturally acquired active

Of the following types of cells, the type that bind to cells bearing foreign antigens and kill them directly (no prior exposure to the antigen is required) is called:

a) Helper T-cells

b) Memory cells

c) Natural killer (NK) cells

d) Plasma cells

c) Natural killer (NK) cells

Antibodies:

a) come from T cells

b) are specific to the antigen that stimulated their production

c) are most effective against fungi, parasites, and cancer cells

d) engulf the foreign antigen

b) are specific to the antigen that stimulated their production

During an inflammatory response:

a) vasodilation is decreased

b) capillary permeability is incresased

c) capillary permeability is decreased.

d) antibodies are rapidly produced.

b) capillary permeability is incresased

The B cell system is most effective against:

a) parasites

b) transplants

c) bacteria

d) fungi

c) bacteria

B and T cells are similar in that they both:

a) secrete antibodies

b) play roles in the nonspecific immune system

c) stem from precursors in the bone marrow

d) serve in what is termed cell-mediated immunity

c) stem from precursors in the bone marrow

Transplanted tissue may be tolerated if:

a) the tissue involves few cells or has a limited blood supply

b) lymphatic tissue is destroyed by irradiation or chemicals

c) the histocompatibility antigens of donor and recipient are very similar

d) all of the above

d) all of the above

A condition in which the body attacks itself as if it were a microbe is:

a) an auto-immune disease

b) loss of the thymus

c) atopic allergy

d) a condition when an individual cannot recognize non-self

a) an auto-immune disease

The primary function of the lymphatic system is

a) circulation of nutrients.

b) the transport of hormones.

c) defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.

d) the production and distribution of plasma proteins.

e) both the transport of hormones and the production and distribution of plasma proteins.

d) the production and distribution of plasma proteins.

B cells prepare for activation by presenting an antigen bound to Class II MHC proteins in a process called

a) sensitization.

b) apoptosis.

c) customization.

d) differentiation.

a) sensitization.

The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called

a) neutralization.

b) opsonization.

c) agglutination.

d) antigen presentation.

e) sensitization.

c) agglutination.

In general, lymphocytes

a) spend most of their time in lymphoid tissue.

b) have relatively long life spans.

c) have one nucleus.

d) All of the answers are correct.

d) All of the answers are correct.

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are

a) immunodeficiency diseases.

b) autoimmune diseases.

c) allergies.

d) the result of stress.

e) signs of a weak system.

c) allergies.

The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in

a) neutralization of the antigen.

b) agglutination or precipitation.

c) complement activation and opsonization.

d) All of the answers are correct.

e) None of the answers is correct.

d) All of the answers are correct.

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the

a) right lymphatic duct.

b) thoracic duct.

c) cisterna chyli.

d) hepatic portal vein.

e) dural sinus.

b) thoracic duct.

Fever is the maintenance of body temperature higher than

a) 37.2°C.

b) 99°F.

c) 98.6°F.

d) 37.2°C, or 98.6°F

e) 37.2°C, or 99°F.

e) 37.2°C, or 99°F.

A(n)___________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen.

a) Versatility

b) Tolerance

c) Specificity

d) Allergy

e) Hypersensitivity

b) Tolerance

Autoantibodies are

a) produced by activated T cells.

b) produced during an allergic reaction.

c) directed against the body's own antigens.

d) the first step in immunological competence.

e) important in tissue rejection reactions.

c) directed against the body's own antigens.

Destruction of antigens or cell lysis can be caused by all of the following except

a) helper T cells.

b) cytotoxic T cells.

c) complement system.

d) macrophages.

a) helper T cells.

An inflammatory response is triggered when

a) red blood cells release pyrogens.

b) T cells release interferon.

c) mast cells release histamine and heparin.

d) neutrophils phagocytize bacteria.

e) blood flow to an area increases.

c) mast cells release histamine and heparin.

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of

a) antigens.

b) antibodies.

c) helper T cells.

d) macrophages.

e) plasma cells.

c) helper T cells.

An overreaction of the body's immune system can occur in some instances after a second exposure to a foreign antigen. Mild instances might include hay fever, a more serious reacion may produce anaphylactic shock. This is called:

a) auto-immune disease

b) hypersensitivity

c) thrombocytopenia

d) immunosuppression

b) hypersensitivity

Which type of blood cell is migratory and phagocytic, acting as a ready body defense against infection, and comprises 50% to 70% of all leukocytes?

a) eosinophil

b) neutrophil

c) monocyte

d) lymphocyte

b) neutrophil

Someone who is vaccinated against diphtheria will respond almost immediately if later exposed to the disease. What cells are directly responsible for rapidly recognizing the pathogen and responding?

a) thymus cells

b) memory B cells

c) T cells

d) plasma cells

b) memory B cells

Of the following, which directly defends against intracellular viruses by attacking infected cells?

a) cytotoxic T lymphocytes

b) plasma cells

c) kinins

d) complement

a) cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Immune surveillance against cancer is:

a) a function of cell-mediated immunity

b) not possible since cancer cells do not have surface antigens

c) rarely effective

d) accomplished by the complement system

a) a function of cell-mediated immunity

The most immediate reaction launched against a bacterial infection involves:

a) interferon

b) antibodies

c) neutrophils (phagocytes)

d) plasma cells

c) neutrophils (phagocytes)

Penicillin allergy is termed a hypersensitivity reaction. The statement that is true of most people allergic to penicillin is that these individuals:

a) develop anaphylactic shock 5-14 days after they are given penicillin

b) will respond strongly the second time they are given penicillin

c) develop a rash only after several injections of penicillin

d) respond less strongly after the first time they are given penicillin

b) will respond strongly the second time they are given penicillin

The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except

a) destruction of target cell plasma membranes.

b) stimulation of inflammation.

c) inhibition of the immune response.

d) enhanced phagocytosis.

e) histamine release.

c) inhibition of the immune response.

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.

a) B

b) plasma

c) helper T

d) cytotoxic T (killer T cells)

e) suppressor T

d) cytotoxic T (killer T cells)

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.

a) active

b) natural passive

c) passive

d) auto

e) innate

e) innate

In opsonization,

a) a pathogen is coated by proteins to facilitate its destruction by neutrophils and macrophages.

b) the cell wall of a pathogen is breached, leading to death of the cell.

c) antibodies tie many antigens together.

d) antigens bind to antibodies to become antigen-antibody complexes.

a) a pathogen is coated by proteins to facilitate its destruction by neutrophils and macrophages.

The role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to

a) activate T cells.

b) display antigen fragments.

c) process antigens.

d) All of the answers are correct.

e) None of the answers is correct.

d) All of the answers are correct.

Characteristics of specific defenses include

a) versatility.

b) tolerance.

c) memory.

d) specificity.

e) All of the answers are correct.

e) All of the answers are correct.

Nonspecific defenses include

a) phagocytic cells.

b) physical barriers.

c) inflammation.

d) interferons.

e) All of the answers are correct.

e) All of the answers are correct.

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called

a) chemotaxis.

b) diapedesis.

c) phagocytosis.

d) apoptosis.

e) involution.

b) diapedesis.

The cells directly responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the ________ cells.

a) B

b) plasma

c) NK

d) T

e) interferon

d) T

Lymphocytes

a) are all actively phagocytic.

b) destroy red blood cells.

c) respond to antigens.

d) are primarily found in red bone marrow.

e) decrease in number during infection.

c) respond to antigens.

A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n)

a) thymosin.

b) complement.

c) chemotoxin.

d) irritant.

e) antigen.

e) antigen.

Lymphoid organs differ from lymphoid tissues in what way?

a) They contain T lymphocytes and lymphoid tissues do not.

b) They are found in the digestive tract and lymphoid tissues are found in the thorax.

c) They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not.

d) They cannot produce antibodies, whereas lymphoid tissues can.

c) They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not.

Which of the following statements regarding lymph is false?

a) Lymph derives from interstitial fluid.

b) Lymphatic vessels have valves to direct fluid flow.

c) Lymphatic capillaries have larger diameters than that of blood capillaries.

d) Lacteals are prominent lymphatic vessels in the cardiopulmonary system.

e) Lymphatic capillaries have little or no basement membrane.

d) Lacteals are prominent lymphatic vessels in the cardiopulmonary system.

Recognition of self and non-self is a function related to the:

a) thymus gland

b) plasma cells

c) neutrophils

d) platelets

a) thymus gland

Which of the following is a response of cell-mediated immunity?

a) lymphocytes digest bacteria by means of lysosomes

b) secretion of chemotactic factors by T cells

c) increased production of complement proteins

d) decreased production of histamine

b) secretion of chemotactic factors by T cells

A patient is given an injection of immunoglobulin after an exposure to hepatitis. This is known as:

a) histocompatibility complex

b) helper T cell mediated immunity

c) active humoral immunity

d) passive humoral immunity

d) passive humoral immunity

The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell.

a) B

b) T

c) plasma

d) nodule

e) NK

b) T

Lymph nodes do all of the following except

a) produce antibodies.

b) monitor the contents of lymph.

c) remove debris and pathogens from the lymph.

d) detect pathogens.

e) remove excess nutrients from the lymph.

e) remove excess nutrients from the lymph.

Helper T cells do all of the following except

a) activate sensitized B cells by costimulation.

b) destroy target cells using perforins.

c) enhance cell-mediated immunity.

d) secrete cytokines to stimulate production of plasma cells.

e) enhance antibody-mediated immunity.

b) destroy target cells using perforins.

In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of

a) innate immunity.

b) active immunization.

c) passive immunity.

d) natural immunity.

c) passive immunity.

The lymphocytes are most important in

a) helping maintain normal blood volume.

b) transporting gases to and away from lymph nodes.

c) eliminating variations in the composition of interstitial fluid.

d) transporting lipids from the digestive tract.

e) fighting infection.

e) fighting infection.

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are

a) IgA.

b) IgD.

c) IgE.

d) IgG.

e) IgM.

d) IgG.

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.

a) naturally acquired active

b) naturally acquired passive

c) passive

d) auto

e) innate

b) naturally acquired passive

A(n)______________ will develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues.

a) Autoimmune disorders

b) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

c) Immunosuppression

d) Anaphylaxis

e) Allergies

a) Autoimmune disorders

If the thymus shrank and stopped functioning properly, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of

a) B lymphocytes.

b) NK cells.

c) T cells.

d) neutrophils.

e) NK cells and T cells.

c) T cells.

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by

a) nonspecific immunity.

b) specific immunity.

c) immunological surveillance.

d) skin defenses.

e) fever.

b) specific immunity.

The site on an antibody that is specifically tailored to fit a specific antigen is called the

a) constant segment.

b) variable segment.

c) side chain.

d) bond.

b) variable segment.

All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it

a) activates B cells.

b) reaches its greatest relative size before puberty.

c) involutes after puberty.

d) produces T cells.

e) lies in the anterior mediastinum.

a) activates B cells.

A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably

a) blood.

b) lymph.

c) serum.

d) tears.

e) interstitial.

d) tears.

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except

a) body hair.

b) epithelium.

c) secretions.

d) complement.

e) basement membranes.

d) complement.

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the complement protein binds to

a) the cell wall of bacteria.

b) the plasma membrane of bacteria.

c) an antibody attached to an antigen.

d) a cell surface antigen.

e) a plasma protein.

c) an antibody attached to an antigen.

The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the

a) liver.

b) thymus.

c) tonsils.

d) spleen.

e) lymph nodes.

d) spleen.

The ________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time.

a) IgM

b) Suppressor

c) Dendritic

d) Memory

e) Plasma

d) Memory

After puberty, the thymus gradually shrinks and becomes more fibrous, in a process called

a) conversion.

b) diminishment.

c) necrosis.

d) involution.

d) involution.

Interferons are released by some macrophages and lymphocytes, but also by cells carrying what pathogen?

a) parasites

b) viruses

c) bacteria

d) prions

e) spirochetes

b) viruses

In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens

a) cause inflammation.

b) produce a fever.

c) activate complement.

d) opsonize pathogens.

e) activate antibodies.

b) produce a fever.

The white pulp of the spleen is populated by

a) lymphocytes.

b) trabeculae.

c) arteries.

d) veins.

e) fibrous connective tissue.

a) lymphocytes.

The medullary sinus of a lymph node contains ________ lymphocytes and plasma cells.

a) cytotoxic T

b) medullary

c) NK

d) B

e) helper T

d) B

An allergen circulating in the bloodstream affects mast cells throughout the body, dropping blood pressure to dangerously low levels. This response is termed

a) allergy.

b) hypersensitivity.

c) allergic rhinitis.

d) anaphylactic shock.

e) asthma.

d) anaphylactic shock.

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except

a) redness of the inflamed tissue.

b) chemotaxis of phagocytes.

c) heat of the inflamed tissue.

d) movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space.

e) swelling of the inflamed tissue.

b) chemotaxis of phagocytes.

A sample of Lori's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that Lori

a) is feeling achy.

b) is producing T lymphocytes.

c) has a sore throat.

d) is running a fever.

e) has swollen lymph nodes.

d) is running a fever.

Antibodies may bind to superficial sites on bacteria or other toxins, making the toxin incapable of attaching itself to a cell. This mechanism is known as

a) opsonization.

b) agglutination.

c) phagocytosis.

d) neutralization.

d) neutralization.