Biology test(Protein Synthesis, Translation and Transcription)

Protein Synthesis

process of reading the instructions in DNA to make a protein

What is Central Dogma of Genetics

Dna= instructions and is in the nucleus and can’t leave.

Where are proteins made

in ribosomes

What are the 2 steps of Protein Synthesis

DNA is turned into RNA via transcription, from RNA it is turned into a protein VIA translation

What is the function of proteins

the most versatile macromolecule in living systems and serve crucial functions in essentially all biological processes

biological processes of a protein

catalyst, transport and store other molecules such as oxygen to provide mechanical support and immune protection, generate movement, transmit nerve impulses, control growth and differentiation

what are the 3 essential types of RNA

mRNA, tRNA, r,RNA

what is mRNA

messanger RNA, copies instructions in DNA and carries these to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

What is tRNA

transfer RNA, carries amino acids to the ribosomes and RNA

rRNA

ribosomal RNA, composes the ribosome

What is transcription

DNA is copied into a complementary strand of mRNA

purpose of transcription

carry the code/instructions out of the nucleus

key thing to remember about DNA

DNA never leaves the nucleus and proteins are made in the cytoplasm by ribosomes

where does transcription take place

nucleus

What does transcription start with

DNA

What does Transcription end with

mRNA

1st step in the process of transcription

RNA polymerase binds to the DNA promoter where transcription is to begin and unzips the gene that needs to be copied(looks for “TATA box” as a signal)

2nd step in the process of transcription

RNA polymerase uses complementary base paring rules to match RNA nucleotides with the exposed DNA nucleotides

3rd step in the process of transcription

release the completed RNA molecule

4th process in transcription

DNA zips back up and the mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytplasam

whst direction is RNA made

5-3 direction

whst way is the DNA template read in

3-5 direction

What is translation

interpreting the RNA message into a protein

whst is the genetic code in translation

code of instructions for how to make proteins

whst is a codon

a set of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA

whst is an Anticodon

complementary 3 nucleotides on tRNA

what is an Amino acid

monomer for making proteins, held together by a peptide bond

whst is the purpose of transcription

read/follow the instructions carried on the mRNA to make a protein

where does translation take place

cytoplasm/ribosome

what does translation start with

mRNA

what does translation end with

protein

1st step in the process of translation

Rna attaches t the small subunit of the ribosome

2nd process in translation

Ribosome reads the mRNA codon(3 mRNA nucleotides) always in the 5-3 direction

3rd process in translation

tRNA(transfer RNA) molecules act like taxis to pick up and drop off the amino acid that matches with the current codon being read off the mRNA

4th step in the process of translation

tRNA’s continue to drop off amino acids, and the ribosome binds the amino acids together with peptide bond

5th step in the processs of translation

when the “stop codon” is reached, the ribosome releases the completed protein

Hemoglobin

protein found on red blood cell that carries O2 throughout the body

Insulin

hormone(cell signal) that regulates blood sugar

Ovalbumin

storage protein found in check eggs that provides nutrients to the growing chick

Lactase

enzyme that breaks down milk/sugar lactose