microbiology 2230: chapter 1

history, nomenclature, divisions

microbiology

the study of microorganisms

mircroorangisms

minute living things too small for unaided eye

germ

rapidly growing cell

characteristics of microbes

few pathogenic, decompose organic waste, generate oxygen, produce chemicals, produced fermented foods

knowledge of microoragnisms

prevent spoilage, prevent disease occurrence, lead to aseptic techniques

microbiome

group of microbes that live stably in/on the human body

characteristics of microbiome

help maintain health, prevent growth of pathogenic microbes, train immune system

Human Microbiome Project (2007)

goal to determine makeup of typical microbiota, and understand relationship between changes in microbiome and diseases

National Microbiome Initiative (2016)

explored roles of microbiomes in different ecosystems

normal microbiota

collection of acquired microorganisms on/in a healthy human being. colonization may be indefinite or fleeting.

nomenclature

system of naming. 1735 Carrolus Linneaus.

names have both a __*(blank and blank)*__

genus and species

*Escerichia coli*

Theodor Escherich, bacteria in colon

*Staphylococcus aureus*

clustered spherical cells with gold colonies

prokaryotes

cells with no genetic material enclosed in nucleus

examples of prokaryotes

bacteria, archaea

eukaryotes

cells with genetic material enclosed in a nucleus

examples of eukaryotes

fungi, protozoa, algae

characteristics of bacteria

unicellular

prokaryotic

peptidoglycan cell walls

reproduce via binary fission

energy sources: organic, inorganic chemicals, photosynthesis

shapes: bacillus, coccus, spiral

may swim via flagella

characteristics of archaea

prokaryotic

pseudomurein IF have cell wall

extreme environments

types of extreme archaea

methanogens

extreme halophiles

extreme thermophiles

characteristics of fungi

eukaryotic

chitin cell walls

energy source: organic chemicals

multicellular: molds, mushrooms

unicellular: yeasts

reproduce sexually or asexually

characteristics of protozoa

eukaryotic

unicellular

amoebic movement

move via pseudopods, cilia, flagella

free entities or parasites

energy source: chemical nutrients

reproduce sexually or asexually

algae

eukaryotic

cellulose cell walls

unicellular: diatoms

multicellular: seaweed, kelp

energy source: photosynthesis

produce oxygen and organic compounds

environments: freshwater, salt water, soil

viruses

acellular

DNA or RNA core surrounded by protein coat

obligate intracellular parasite: replicate only in living host cell

multicellular animal parasites

eukaryotic

multicellular animals

helminths: parasitic flatworms and hookworms

3 domains of microorganisms

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

taxonomy

science of classifying organisms

phylogenetics

grouping organisms according to common properties

what are phylogenetics determined based on?

ribosomal RNA, anatomy, fossils

prokaryotic species

population of cells with similar characteristics

types of prokaryotic populations

cultures, clones, strains

viral species

population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche

kingdoms of eukaryotes

animalia, plantae, fungi, protista

kingdom animalia

multicellular, no cell walls, chemoheterotrophic

kingdom plantae

multicellular, cellulose cell walls, photoautotrophic

kingdom fungi

chemoheterotrophic, unicellular and multicellular, chitin cell walls, develop from spores

kingdom protista

catchall, grouped into clades

Robert Hooke

1665, living things composed of cells, corke

Rudolf Virchow

1858, cells come from preexisting cells

cell theory

all living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

merchant who invented microscope

spontaneous generation

hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter

biogenesis

hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life

Francesco Redi and the 3 jars

covered had no maggots, proved biogenesis

John Needham and flask of broth

had bacterial growth, claimed spontaneous generation

Lazzaro Spallanzani and boiled flask

no bacterial growth, proved biogenesis, aseptic technique

Louis Pasteur and the two flasks

not sealed saw growth, sealed saw no growth, proved biogenesis

Pasteur’s invention

S-shaped flask

golden age of microbiology

1857-1914, kicked off by Pasteur, discovered relationship between microbes and diseases, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs

fermentation

conversion of sugar to alcohol, via yeasts in air

who is responsible for discovering fermentation?

Pasteur

Pasteurization

process of mildly heating to kill particular spoilage microorganisms or pathogens

three scientists of germ theory

Semmelweis, Lister, Koch

Ignaz Semmelweis

advocated for hand washing to prevent transmission to other patients

Joseph Lister

used chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical would infections, led to aseptic techniques

Robert Koch

provided experimental steps and postulates to prove microbes causing specific disease, proved bacterium causes anthrax

Edward Jenner

inoculated a person with cowpox to test protection from smallpox, pioneered science behind vaccinations

immunity

protection of disease provide by vaccination

vaccine

cultures of avirulent microorganisms used for preventative inoculation

interferons

inhibit replication of viruses

chemotheraphy

treatment with chemicals

synthetic drugs

chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in lab

antibiotics

chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes

Paul Ehrlich

“magic bullet”, developed synthetic arsenic drug (salvarsan) to treat syphilis

Alexander Flemming

discovered first antibiotic, *Penicillium* fungi killed *S.* *aureus*

problems with antimicrobial chemicals

overuse can lead to resistance, some can be toxic

bacteriology

study of bacteria

mycology

study of fungi

virology

study of viruses

parasitology

study of protozoa and parasitic worms

genomics

study of all of an organisms genes

microbial genetics

study of how microbes inherit traits

molecular biology

study of how DNA directs protein synthesis

immunology

study of immunity

Rebecca Lancefield

classified streptococci based on cell wall

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

discovered DNA was hereditary material

Watson and Crick, Wilkins and Franklin

made model for structure and replication of DNA

Paul Berg

discovered recombinant DNA

recombinant DNA

DNA and gene mixed with bacterial gene to produce protein

microbial ecology

study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment

bioremediation

use of microbes to remove an environmental pollutant

biotechnology

use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals

biological insecticides

microbes that are pathogenic to insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides

normal microbiota

microorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease

resistance

ability of the body to ward off disease

resistance factors

mucous membranes, antimicrobial chemicals, stomach acid, skin

biofilm

a microbial community that usually forms as a slimy layer on a surface

infectious disease

when pathogen overcomes the host’s resistance and disease results

emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)

new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence

factors contributing to EIDs

evolutionary changes, spread to new locations, deforestation, antimicrobial resistance

MRSA

methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus*

Zika virus disease

spread by bite of infected Aedes mosquito or sexual contact

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

caused by infectious protein called prion

Escherichia coli 0157:H7

toxin-producing strain of *E. coli*, severe dehydration and possibly death

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus

H1N1 influenza

swine flu

Avian influenza A

primarily in waterfowl and poultry

Ebola hemorrhagic fever

transmitted via contact with bodily fluids

Cryptosporidiosis

transmitted by contaminated water