AP Biology Unit 1

Ionic Bonding

transfer of electrons

covalent bonding

sharing of electrons

hydroxyl

-OH, alcohol

carbonyl

-C=O, keynote, aldehyde

keytone

carbonyl with double bond inside the carbon skeleton

aldehyde

carbonyl group with double bond on the outside of the carbon skeleton

carboxyl

-COOH

Amino

NH²

hydrocarbons

molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

isomers

same molecular formula, different structures

vitalism

organic compounds arise only in living organisms

hydrogen bonds

attractions of electrostatic force caused by the difference in charge between slightly positive hydrogen ions and other, slightly negative ions

cohesion

the attraction between two like things

adhesion

the attraction between two different substances

capillary action

the movement of a liquid through a narrow space, cylinder, or porous material against gravity

solvent

substance that dissolves another substance

hydrophilic

molecules or surfaces that mix with, dissolve in, or are attracted to water

hydrophobic

fearful of water

ice density

ice is less dense than water due to hydrogen bonds

heat capacity

water is really good at holding onto heat

4 emergent properties of water

cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, versatility as a solvent

lipids

macromolecule that is not a polymer

condensation/dehydration reaction

the removal of water to connect molecules

hydrolysis

breaking large molecules with water

monosaccharides

simplest sugars

glucose, galactose, fructose

3 monosaccharides

disaccharides

two monosaccharides combined

glycosidic linkage

linkage in carbohydrates

maltose, sucrose, lactose

3 disaccharides

polysaccharides

polymers of sugar

starch

how plants store sugars

cellulose

structural unit in plants

glycogen

how animals store glucose

chitin

in the exoskeleton of arthropods

starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin

4 polysaccharides

lipids

macromolecule that is hydrophobic, has fats, and does not consist of polymers

ester linkage

dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat

triglycerol

3 fatty acids combined connected to a head by an ester linkage

saturated fatty acids

maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible, no double bonds

unsaturated fatty acids

one or more double bonds in a fatty acid

phospholipids

only two fatty acids, phosphate group instead of third fatty acid, choline makes it hydrophobic

steroids

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

amino acids

monomers of proteins

polypeptides

polymers of amino acids

enzymes

all of these are proteins, speed up reactions (-ase)

catalyst

speeds up reactions

amino acid structure

always has an amino end, carboxyl end, and a side chain called an R group

N-terminus

amino end

carboxyl end

C-terminus

conformation

another word for shape

primary structure

sequence of amino acids joined by polypeptide bonds

secondary structure

has an alpha helix and a beta pleated sheet

tertiary structure

bends into shapes, held together by a disulfide bridge, protein conformation is highly dependent on heat and acid levels

quaternary structure

takes multiple peptides to make a final protein

chaperonins

makes the final protein conformation

denaturation

when a protein unravels and loses its native conformation

nucleic acids

macromolecule that stores hereditary information and genes

DNA

type of nucleic acid that is missing an oxygen

nucleotide

subunit of nucleic acids

structure of nucleotide

phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogen base

DNA Nitrogen bases

adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

RNA nitrogen bases

adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine

A=T, C=G

chargraff base pairing rules

nucleotide monomers

made up of nucleosides and phosphate groups

purines

nitrogen bases that have double rings

adenine and guanine

types of purines

pyramidines

single ringed nitrogen bases

cytosine, uracil, thymine

types or pyramidines

polar

two distinct, opposite ends with different electrical charges or physical properties

non-polar

a molecule or a part of a molecule has an equal sharing of electrons, leading to a balanced, neutral charge with no positive or negative poles