5.1 Cytoplasm

cytosol

fluid portion of cytoplasm excluding organelles and other solids

cytoskeleton

The network of microtubules and microfilaments that gives cell shape. 3 types microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

microfilaments

made of actin and maintains cell shape and involved in division by creating cleavage furrow

intermediate filaments

made of fibrous proteins. Provides structural support and anchors organelles to cytoplasm

nuclear lamina

A thin, transparent layer that forms part of the nuclear envelope, providing structural support to the nucleus and playing a role in its organization.

microtubules

made of tubulin proteins and provides structural support, forms cilia and flagella and responsible chromosome movement during mitosis

kinesins

Motor proteins that transport cargo along microtubules, playing a key role in intracellular movement. Moves towards plus end - movement of organelles like vesicles inside neurons

dynein

Motor proteins that transport cargo towards the minus end of microtubules, crucial for processes like vesicle transport and ciliary movement.

microtubules in cilia and flagella

9 fused pairs of microtubules form an outer cylinder and 1 pair of unfused microtubules runs up the centre and each doublet is connected to the centre of the structure by radical spoke = essential structure for bending motion of cilia and flagella

how does motion occur in cilia and flagella

The coordinated sliding of microtubules, powered by dynein motors, generates bending and movement in cilia and flagella.