5.1 Cytoplasm

cytosol

fluid portion of cytoplasm that contains a large amount of raw materials that can be used in formation of macromolecules. Considered the space between organelles and endomembrane. It is the site of may biochemical processes

cytoskeleton

The network of microtubules and microfilaments that gives a eukaryotic cell its shape and its capacity to arrange its organelles and to move. 3 components microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

microfilaments

Thin, threadlike structures made of actin and maintains cell shape by bearing tension and allows for changes in shape (muscle cells contract), allow cytoplasmic streaming and involved in cell division by creating cleavage farrow

intermediate filaments

made of fibrous proteins depending on cell type supercoiled into thicker cables. Provides structural support to the cell, part of the cytoskeleton, and play a role in maintaining cell shape and anchors the nucleus and other organelles to the cytoplasm and allows for the formation of nuclear lamina

nuclear lamina

A thin, transparent layer that forms part of the nuclear envelope, providing structural support to the nucleus and playing a role in its organization.

microtubules

Hollow tubes made of tubulin proteins that provide structural support and allows maintenance of cell shape by forming girders throughout cytoplasm, used in formation of cilia and flagella and responsible for chromosomes movement during division and movement of organelles throughout the cell

kinesins

Motor proteins that transport cargo along microtubules, playing a key role in intracellular movement. Moves towards plus end - movement of organelles like vesicles inside neurons

dynein

Motor proteins that transport cargo towards the minus end of microtubules, crucial for processes like vesicle transport and ciliary movement.

microtubules in cilia and flagella

9 fused pairs of microtubules form an outer cylinder and 1 pair of unfused microtubules runs up the centre and each doublet is connected to the centre of the structure by radical spoke = essential structure for bending motion of cilia and flagella

how does motion occur in cilia and flagella

The coordinated sliding of microtubules, powered by dynein motors, generates bending and movement in cilia and flagella.