Human Reproduction and Cell Division Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards for reviewing human reproduction, cell division, and related concepts.

Seminal vesicle

A male reproductive organ that stores and produces fluid for sperm.

Prostate

A gland in the male reproductive system that contributes fluid to semen.

Urethra

The tube that carries urine from the bladder and semen from the male reproductive system.

Epididymis

A tube located near the testicle that stores mature sperm.

Scrotum

A sac of skin that holds the testes.

Vas deferens

A tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

Penis

The external male reproductive organ.

Testes

The male reproductive organs that produce sperm.

Uterus

Sometimes called the womb - if an egg is fertilized it will implant here and develop into a foetus

Fallopian Tube

Carries the ovum from the ovary to the uterus - the egg is fertilized here

Endometrium

The inner lining of the uterus.

Ovary

After puberty, an egg or ovum is released from here once every 28 days or so

Cervix

The opening or 'neck' of the uterus at the top of the vagina

Vagina

Connects the cervix to the outside of the body - the sperm is deposited here during sex

Follicles

Nutrient-producing cells that surround the egg cell.

Corpus luteum

Develops from follicle. Degenerates if the egg is not fertilized.

Ovulation

The process where the egg cell is released.

Endometrium

Thickness of lining changes during the menstrual cycle.

Menstrual Cycle

A recurring cycle of physiological changes in the female reproductive system, associated with menstruation.

Ovum

The female sex cell - sometimes called the 'egg'

Sperm

The male sex cell - it is adapted to swim from the vagina to the egg

Zygote

A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.

Fertilization

The process in which male and female gametes combine.

Gametes

Sex cells; sperm and egg.

Diploid

Body cells are diploid cells full set of chromosomes (46chromosomes (23 pairs)

Haploid

Gametes cells are haploid cells hall set of chromosomes (23 chromosomes)

Meiosis

Gametes (sperm/eggs are produced through a type of cell division called meiosis

Interphase

The stage before meiosis where DNA is copied.

Prophase I

Nuclear membrane begins to disappear, DNA condenses into duplicated chromosomes, homologous chromosome. Crossing over occurs shuttles the DNA

Metaphase I

Spindle fibers guide chromosome movement Homologous chromosome pair line up along the middle of cell these are called tetrads

Anaphase I

Homologous chromosome pairs separate and go to each end of the cell

Telophase I

Each nucleus contains a Copy of the cell's DNA

Cytokinesis

Cell divides, forming two cells.

Prophase II

Nuclear membrane begins to disappearDNA does NOT get copied because interphase doesn't happen

Metaphase II

Chromosomes line up along the middle of cell, in the same way that they do during mitosis

Anaphase II

The copies of DNA are separated and go to each end of cell

Telophase II

nuclei form

Cytokinesis II

The cells divide, forming four new, genetically unique cells (each cell is haploid, 23 chromosomes

Crossing Over

Occurs during prophase I of meiosis; homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material.

Independent Assortment

Occurs when Prophase I transitions to Metaphase I and then to Anaphase I.

Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction involving only one parent and resulting in genetically identical offspring.

Sexual Reproduction

Reproduction involving two parents and resulting in genetically diverse offspring.

Genetic Diversity

The variety of genes within a population.

Sperm

The male gamete.

Egg Cell (Ovum)

The female gamete.

Fertilization

The process in which male and female gametes combine.

Zygote

A cell containing genetic information from the sperm and egg cell

Mammals

Development from to offspring occurs development of the female's body. Female is also source of energy

Insects

Most insects reproduce sexually. Some insects (ex: Honey bee) develop without fertilization

Fish, Frogs, and Birds

Fertilized eggs develop. Female is also source of when eggs

Plants

Most plants have both male and female reproductive parts

Mitosis

Cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.

Cell Cycle

The series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide: Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

Interphase

The stage of the cell cycle where the cell grows and prepares for division.

Prophase

The first stage of mitosis, where the nuclear membrane disappears and DNA condenses

Metaphase

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell.

Anaphase

Structures called Spindle fibers guide chromosome movement Copies of DNA are separated and go to each end of the cell

Telophase

The stage of mitosis where two nuclei form.

Cytokinesis

The final stage of the cell cycle, where the cytoplasm and organelles are divided.

Cell Plate

During cytokinesis in plant cells a cell plate spreads in the centre between the two nuclei.

Cell Wall

The cell wall Separates the two daughter cells.

Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is a series of events the life of a eukaryotic cell

Interphase

The longest stage in the cell cycle

Mitosis

The shortest stage in the cell cycle. During this stage, the nucleus divides into 2 identical and equal parts

Cytokinesis

The cytoplasm and organelles are divided 2 separate daughter cells form. The new cells are identical to the original parent cell.

Chromatin

A substance that contains DNA and proteins

Chromosomes

Chromatin coiled tightly into an ✗- shape chromosome

Chromatid

One of a replicated chromosome

Centromere

Connects the two replicated chromosomes

Spindle Fibers

Guide the movement of chromosomes

Asexual Reproduction

Requires only one parent Each offspring receives a copy of the genetic information DNAProduces genetically identical offspring

Sexual Reproduction

Requires two parents Each offspring receives half of the genetic material from each parent Produces genetically different offspring

Binary Fission

Bacteria are micro organisms that exist as single prokaryotic cells. They reproduce asexually by a process called binary fission

Budding

Yeasts are unicellular eukaryotic organisms commonly found in foods They reproduce asexually by a process called budding

Spore Formation

Spores and molds are composed of many eukaryoticcells They reproduce asexually using spores

Vegetative Propagation

Asexual reproduction in Tow plants is called vegetative propagation

Spore

A structure that is released from the parent and develops into genetically identical offspring.

New plants

Grow from a portion of the roots, stems, leaves or from an existing plant that are clones of the parent plant .

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic material found in cells.

Double Helix

The twisted ladder shape of DNA.

Nucleotide

The basic building block of DNA, consisting of a phosphate, sugar, and base.

Base Pair

Two bases that are connected (A-T, G-C)

Genetic

The order of these nucleotides is the organism's DNA sequence or genetic code

Cell Theory

The cell is the basic unit of life, All living things are made of one or more cells, and All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Prokaryotic

A type of cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotic

A type of cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Organelle

A cell structure in which functions are carried out to ensure the cell's survival

Nucleus

Controls all cellular activities

Cell Membrane

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

Cell Wall

protects the cell, protects plant cell gives plant cell rectangular shape

Cytoplasm

A jelly substance that holds organelles

Mitochondria

gives the cell energy, does cellular respiration

Chloroplasts

contains chlorophyll does photosynthesis (makes lood for plant)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

transports proteins to golgi body

Ribosomes

make proteins

Golgi Body

organizes packages proteins into small Structures called vesicles

Vesicles

transports proteins around the cell

Vacuoles

stores water, waste, and nutrients

Lysosomes

breaks down Waste

Bulbo-urethral gland

Contributes fluid to semen. Also called Cowper's gland.