Migration

Migration

Permanent or semi-permanent relocation to a new geographical area (level and age patterns), not the same as mobility

Gateway cities

Larger cities where migrants into a country tend to initially congregate before moving to other parts of the country (Friesen, 2012)

How is migration measured?

There aren’t really any set standards to measure migration, but the rogers multiregional demography method is often used

What is internal migration

Migration within national borders

Can be from rural to urban or any mix of those things (generalised binary)

Usually migration in matches migration out, but some places are more volatile

What are the four types of migration

Internal, international, forced, and step migration

What is international migration?

Migration across national borders

Contested/invasion = when people move into an area that already has a population

Uncontested = when people move into an area that doesn’t have a population

Often relates to escaping population pressures

How did the industrial revolution impact internal migration and what is the trend in New Zealand?

The industrial revolution increased rural-urban migration, which had major implications for fertility and mortality, and changed migration patterns, easier to move without land ties

The trend in NZ had been a shift towards urbanisation

What is forced migration?

Involuntary migration, internal or external (but often international)

Direct = when people are physically forces, like the slave trade

Indirect = when people are fleeing something where they were, like refugees fleeing conflict

What is step migration?

Moving to another place in between the original place and final destination

Intentional or unintentional

May make it easier to migrate again if you’ve already moved before

How does migration relate to inequality?

Migration is often related to inequality

Inequalities can be exacerbated by migration, the reason behind it, or can be caused by migration

In general, what are the social attitudes towards migration?

Social attitudes towards migration are also not great, migrants tend to be viewed as threats

What do discussions about migration tend to focus on?

Migration from the global south to the global north, when much migration occurs within the global north

Why people move, and often don’t look at push and pull factors or why people stay

Where people migrate to, not where they migrate from

The economic impacts of migration rather than migrants themselves

What is the impact of the focuses of conversations regarding migration?

With these focuses, you aren’t considering how inequality factors in

Also ignoring the impacts of high proportions of particular demographics (men and women, educated people, young people, etc) leaving a country

According to Lenihan (2015), what were the social conditions in Scotland leading to migration in the 19th century?

Scotland saw increasing industrialisation, an agricultural revolution, famines, and the Highland clearances in the 19th century which influenced migration

What were the forms of migration Lenihan (2015) observed?

There was internal migration in Scotland before external, external migration to NZ, and step migration on their way to NZ

Return migration didn’t seem that common due to the cost and distance, but it’s hard to know due to sample size and unclear statistics, and a biased dataset

What does Friesen (2012) mean by saying there is an inverse relationship between international and internal migration and what reasons for this do they propose?

More international immigration usually leads to less domestic immigration and more domestic emigration

Cultural avoidance and increased job market/housing pressures

According to Friesen (2012), was Auckland a staging post for Asian migrants?

Friesen (2012) found no evidence that Auckland was a staging post for Asian immigrants as few left and many moved in during the time period

According to Friesen (2012), why is it better to focus on why people stay, and what reasons do they posit for staying?

Because people don’t move around lots

Reasons could include better jobs/schools or that there are lots of same-ethnicity migrants so there is infrastructure (mosques, temples, churches, cultural centres, etc) or their businesses rely on them

What do these graphs show?

Net migration by age in Auckland

What does this graph show?

Internal migration rates in NZ by age group

What do these graphs show?

Migration rates by age group into Auckland and into the Bay of Plenty, more young people into Auckland and some older people (pull factors like university and care facilities), but in BOP, more young families with children and retirees

What does this graph show?

The proportion of (mostly Pakeha) people living in urban and rural areas in NZ over time

What does this graph show?

The proportion of Māori people living in urban areas vs rural over time

What does this graph show?

Numbers of internal migrants into and out of regions in NZ (in thousands)