Dr. Trujilio study guide - antimicrobials WHT

What are examples of antioxidants

- Lutein/Zeaxanthinin

What are luteins and zeanthins

Lutein forms the macular pigment that filters blue light

Part of the carotenoid family

Minimize oxidative stress

Found in green leafy vegetables

What are omega 3s

Promotes retinal function + macular health

What was added from AREDS 1 to AREDS 2

Lutein

Zeaxanthin

1000 mgs of Omega 3s

What was removed from AREDS 1 to AREDS 2

Beta-carotene (lung cancer in smokers)

What was dosage was adjusted from AREDS 1 to AREDS 2

Zinc dosage (reduced)

Genitourinary disorders (BPH)

What is the class for adenovirus and herpes

Class I (Baltimore Classification) - dsDNA viruses

This class of viruses can affect the eye

What are the analogs for herpes simplex topicals

Class I (Baltimore Classification) - dsDNA viruses

This class of viruses can affect the eye

What are the analogs for Herpes Zoster (orally)

Acyclovir

Valacylcovir

Famciclovir

Ganciclovir

What is the oral dosing for Valacyclovir - HSV

500 mg 3x

What is the oral dosing for acyclovir - HSV

400 mg 5x

What is the oral dosing for famciclovir - HSV

250 mg 3x

What is the oral dosing for Valacyclovir - HZV

1000 mg 3x

what is the oral dosing for acyclovir - HZV

800mg 5x

What is the oral dosing for famciclovir - HZV

500 mg 3x

What is the treatment for acanthamoeba

Biguanides: Polyhemamethylene or Chlorhexidine

Diamindines: Propamidine or Hexamidine or Pentamidine

What is the treatment for demodex

Treatment: Xdemvy (GABA-gated chloride channel inhibitor)

What topical medication can be used to treat fungal infections

Natamycin (the only one that is commercially available)

What are the first generation cephalosporins?

Cefazolin

Cephalexin

What are the second generation cephalosporins?

Cefaclor

Cefotetan

Cefoxitin

Cefuroxime

What are the third generation cephalosporins?

Cefixime

Cefotaxime

Ceftriaxone

Ceftazidime

Cefodoxime

What are the fourth generation cephalosporins?

Cefepime

What is the 1st generation fluoroquinolone?

Nalidixic acid

What are the 2nd generation fluoroquinolones?

Ciprofloxacin

Norfloxacin

Ofloxacin

What are the 3rd generation fluoroquinolones?

Levofloxacin

What are the 4th generation fluoroquinolones?

Moxifloxacin

Gatifloxacin

Besifloxacin

Which antibiotics inhibit the 30S subunit?

Aminoglycosides

Tetracyclines

What are the different types of aminoglycosides

Streptomycin

Neomycin

Gentamicin

Tobramycin

Amikacin

Kanamycin

What are the different types of tetracyclines

Tetracycline

Doxycycline

Minocycline

Which antibiotics inhibit the 50S subunit?

Macrolides - ACE

Chloramphenicol

Oxazolidinones

Lincosamides

the 3 kinds of macrolides (ACE)

Azithromycin

Clarithromycin

Erythromycin

Oxazolidinones example

Linezolid

Lincosamides

Clindamycin

What are some cell wall synthesis inhibitors

Penicillin

Cephalosporins

Bacitracin

Vancomycin

Polymyxin B

MOA of penicillin

transpeptidase inhibitor

Penicillinase-sensitive penicillns

Amoxicillin, Augmetin

MOA of cephalosporins

transpeptidase inhibitor

which cephalosporin is Pencillinase-resistant:

Dicloxacillin

MOA of Bacitracin -

inhibits transfer of peptidoglycan

MOA of Vancomycin -

inhibits 2nd step of cell wall synthesis

MOA of Polymyxin B -

cell wall permeability

Which antibiotics disrupt 30 S protein synthesis

- aminoglycosides

- tetracyclines

How to aminoglycosides prevent 30 S protein synthesis

bind subunit of ribosome inhibit protein synthesis

Examples of aminoglycosides

Gentamicin

Tobramycin

How to tetrocyclines prevent 30 S protein synthesis

prevent aminoacyl tRNA (bacteiostatic)

Examples of tetracyclines

Tetracycline

Doxycycline

Minocycline

Which antibiotics disrupt 50 S protein synthesis

Macrolides

Chloramphenicol

Lincosamide

How do macrolides prevent 50 s protein syntehsis

prevent amino acid synthesis

examples of macrolides

Azithromycin

Clarithromycin

Erythromycin

How does chloramphenicol prevent 50 s protein syntehsis

blocks peptidyl transferase (bacteriostatic)

How does Lincosamide prevent 50 s protein syntehsis

reversibly binds to the 50S subunit (bacteriostatic)

Which antibitiotics affect DNA topoisomerase

Fluoroquinolones

How do fluroquinolones affect DNA to

inhibit DNA gyrase + topoisomerase IV

What are the 2nd generation fluoroquinolones

- ciprofloxacin

- ofloxacin

What are 3rd generation fluoroquinolones

Levofloxacin

4th generation fluoroquinolones

- Gati, Besi, Moxi

Which antibiotics disrupt folic acid synthesis

sulfonamides

DHFR inhibitors

What are the sulfonamides

Sulfisoxazole

Sulfamethoxazole

Sulfadiazine

Sulfacetamide

MOA of sulfonamides

inhibit dihydropteroate synthesis (first step) - affects PABA (bacteriostatic)

MOA of DHFR inhibitors

inhibit dihydrofolate reductase (second step)

Which antibiotic damages DNA of the bacteria and how

Nitoimidazole cytotoxic through free radicals

which antibiotic interrupts mRNA synthesis and how

Rifampin - binds to B subunit of RNA polymerase

first generation cephalosporin - gram (+) or (-)

gram positive

second generation cephalosporin - gram (+) or (-)

gram positive > gram negative