Summer School History Notes

European Imperialism

A period where European powers colonized and controlled large parts of Africa, resulting in resource loss and resentment among Africans.

Industrial Revolution

A period marked by significant technological advancements in industry, particularly in England, due to the availability of iron and coal.

Workers' Unions

Groups formed by workers to advocate for safer working conditions and shorter hours.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

His assassination in 1914 is recognized as the spark that ignited World War I.

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

A statement of principles for peace used for negotiations to end World War I, advocating for the right of people to self-determination.

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Lenin's policy that allowed limited private enterprise while retaining state control over major industries in post-revolution Russia.

Nonviolent Resistance

A method employed by Gandhi to promote social change through peaceful means.

Zionism

A movement for the re-establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine, leading to tensions with Arab populations.

Marshall Plan

U.S. initiative providing economic assistance to help rebuild European economies post-World War II.

Cold War

A prolonged period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, lasting approximately 40 years.

Fascism vs. Communism

Fascism supports private property while communism advocates for communal ownership and control.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that ended World War I, which placed heavy reparations on Germany and is often cited as a factor leading to World War II.

Total War

A conflict where nations engage all resources and civilian populations in the war effort, not just military forces.

Cuban Missile Crisis

A 1962 confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

NAFTA

The North American Free Trade Agreement, a trade pact between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.

Armenian Massacre

The genocide of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire during World War I.