French Revolution/Napoleon/Concert of Europe-G11

Who was the first estate made up of

high & low clergy (religious leaders/priests)

what estate had the majority?

The third estate

What kind of monarchy was pre-revolutionary France?

an autocratic monarchy

What did Monarchs see themselves as at this time?

"representatives of God," a system known as "the divine right of kings"

What did Louis XIV (14) say?

"the state, that's me"

What is the Ancien Régime

The political and social system of the Kingdom of France from the Late Middle Ages (1400s) until 1792

What characterized the Ancien Régime

by hereditary monarchy that was autocratic and the feudal system

What is the feudal system?

land is exchanged for loyalty and service

What was life like for the second estate?

They inherited their social and economic status, did not pay most taxes, and normally did not have to work

What was life like for the third estate?

Most lived in poor conditions, except for the bourgeoisie who lived like middle class.

What is the Estates General?

an assembly of representatives from all three estates

What is 'vote by order'

each estates general received one vote (favored by the First & Second Estates)

What is 'vote by head'

would increase the power of the Third Estate, as they outnumbered the other two estates hugely (favored by the Third Estate)

What happened on June 17th, 1789

the date that the Third Estate voted to leave the Estates-General and form a new body of government for the people of France (National Assembly)

What was the promise made by the members of the National Assembly to stay together until they had written a constitution for France

Tennis Court Oath

What happened on July 14th, 1789

Storming of the Bastille (Start of the revolution)

What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

asserted the equality and rights of all citizens, such as liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.

Included:

1.Everyone is born free and equal.

2.You have the right to be free, own things, be safe, and stand up against unfair treatment.

3.Laws should only forbid things that are harmful to everyone.

4. All citizens can help make the laws.

5. You can only be arrested or punished according to the law.

6. The law should represent what the majority of people want.

7. Nobody should be treated in a cruel or unfair way.

8. You have the right to have a say in making laws.

9. You can speak your mind and have your own opinions.

10. You won't be punished for your beliefs, even religious ones.

11. Your private property can't be taken away without good reason.

12. The most important power comes from the people.

who were the rightists in the legislative assembly?

consisted of about 260 Feuillants who supported a strong monarchy and defended the king

Who were the marsh/plain in the legislative assembly (Le Marais/La Plaine)

The remainder of the House, 345 deputies, generally belonged to no definite party. They were committed to the ideals (liberty, equality, & fraternity) of the Revolution

What was the French Directory

A group of 5 men who were given control of France following the Reign of Terror (replaced the CPS). Was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte & replaced by the French Consulate.

What year did Napoleon become emperor of France

1804

What were the Napoleonic Wars?

Napoleon's wars to build his empire- he was at war with much of Europe including Britain and Russia and Austria

What battle resulted in the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire?

Battle of Austerlitz, in which his army defeated the Austrians and Russians

What happened to Napoleon because of his loss in the Battle of Waterloo

He was once again forced to abdicate, & was exiled to the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. He died there on May 5, 1821

What was the Congress System

a way for powerful European countries to meet and talk after the Napoleonic Wars to keep the peace and solve problems (The beginnings of the Concert of Europe)

Who were the 5 great powers of Europe?

Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, and the United Kingdom

What decisions were made because of the Congress of Vienna?

-Russia received most of the Duchy of Warsaw (Poland)

-Prussia received some German-speaking lands like Saxony & Polish-speaking lands like the Duchy of Warsaw

-Austria regained control of the Tyrol and Salzburg

-Britain retained control of the Cape Colony in Southern Africa

-France lost all territories it acquired during Napoleonic conquests

who was the second estate made up of

nobility & royalty (titles and privileges/members of the royal family)

Who was the third estate made up of?

peasants, bourgeoisie, and urban shopkeepers, workers

who held almost all political and economic power?

The king and his court & the higher clergy and nobles

What were the bourgeoisie?

middle class (merchants and professionals). Though seen as no better than peasants, but did influence the Revolution with their Enlightenment ideals

What messed up the French economy in the 1700s

overspending, luxurious lifestyles of the high class, poor harvest (France relied solely on agriculture and exploiting colonies), too much borrowing, high classes were tax exempt

Did Marie Antoinette say "let them eat cake"?

no, that was a rumour

What happened when the king tried to tax the high classes

they turned against him

What religion were most french citizens at this time

Catholic, since the Catholic clergy supported the idea of the monarchs being representatives of God

Who is Louis XIV?

the king of France at the start of the revolution; he was weak and indecisive

What were the "lettres de cachet."

letters that contained orders directly from the king, often to enforce arbitrary actions and judgments that could not be appealed

What rules did monarchs and nobles follow?

they followed the rules of an absolute monarchy, where the king or queen had ultimate authority, and nobles had privileges based on birthright

whats the difference between autocratic and absolute monarchies

Autocratic: a ruler with unlimited power, Absolute: a monarch holding absolute power over the state

what is a hereditary monarchy

kings and queens were passed down by blood line or closest relative

What characterized the absolute monarchy?

a "Three Estates" social structure

What was life like for the first estate?

Divided into high & low clergy. High clergy was usually from monarch's or nobles' families, they followed no priestly norms. Low clergy lived among people and had a lifestyle similar to the members of the third estate

what was the National Constituent Assembly

French revolutionary assembly (1789-1791) that replaced the Estates-General

Who was Maximilien Robespierre?

The radical leader during the French Revolution responsible for the Reign of Terror

What was the Legislative Assembly?

The legislature of France during the French Revolution. They were responsible for making the laws of France (1791-1792)

what is census franchize

the votes cast by those eligible to vote are not equal, but are weighted differently according to the person's rank in the census

who were the leftists in the legislative assembly

consisted of 136 Jacobins who were more radical and republican in their views. They wanted to see more significant changes in the government, and many of them supported the idea of a republic rather than a monarchy.

What was the National Convention?

Political group who came to power during French revolution; Made Robespierre ruler and later had him executed

What happened to Louis XVI (16) after the french revolution

he was officially arrested on 13 August 1792, then the National Assembly abolished the monarchy & Louis was stripped of all of his titles and honours. He was executed by guillotine in 1793 for "conspiracy against the public liberty and the general safety".

What was the Committee of Public Safety?

A group of 12 men (led by Maximilien Robespierre) who decided who was an enemy of the state; those who were, were executed

What was the Reign of Terror?

when the Committee of Public Safety executed "enemies of the revolution". Was the most radical and bloodiest phase of the French Revolution

When and where was Napoleon Bonaparte born?

1769 on the Mediterranean island of Corsica

What served as a springboard to Napoleons political power

a military expedition to Egypt in 1798

What was the the coup of 18 Brumaire

In 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the French Directory, establishing himself as First Consul of France and marking the end of the French Revolution

What is a coup d' etat

a small party that overthrows the government

What was The War of the First Coalition

the wars that many European powers fought between 1792 and 1797 against the French First Republic. It resulted in French victory

What important battles did Napoleon win during the Napoleonic Wars?

Battle of Austerlitz (1805)

Battle of Lubeck (1806)

What important battles did Napoleon lose during the Napoleonic Wars?

Battle of Trafalgar (1805)

Battle of Leipzig/Battle of Nations (1813)

Battle of Waterloo (1815)

What was the Confederation of the Rhine

Created by Napoleon to replace the Holy Roman Empire. It included various German states, and it's first ruler was Napoleon's brother-in-law, Jérôme Bonaparte

What was the Napoleonic Code?

A new legal framework for France. It gave post-revolutionary France laws concerning property, colonial affairs, the family, and individual rights

What was Napoleons aristocracy he created

It was based on merit, where he began handing out titles of nobility to his loyal friends and family as his empire continued to expand across much of western and central continental Europe (with titles like dukes, counts, and barons to reward loyal supporters)

What happened to Napoleon on in 1814

In his mid-40s he was forced to abdicate the throne, & was exiled to Elba, an island off the coast of Italy

What happened less than a year after Napoleon's exile

he escaped Elba and sailed to the French mainland with a group of more than 1,000 supporters, & returned to Paris

What was the Hundred Days campaign

Napoleon's comeback and last military effort in 1815. He raised a new army and planned to strike before his enemies could launch a united attack against him

How did Napoleon help the economy

Fair taxes, increased trade, the development of French luxury industries, a new commercial code, an improved infrastructure, and a central bank to control monetary policy

What did Napoleon do to slavery

he abolished it & freed the serfs. Today he's seen as a progressive force in European history

What was the Grande Armée.

Napoleon's main army during the Napoleonic Wars, known for its large size and effectiveness.

What innovations did Napoleon make to warfare

the use of artillery, rapid troop movement, and the corps system (dividing armies into small, self-sufficient units, allowing for more flexible & coordinated plans)

What did Napoleon leave a state with?

Stable finances

Codified civil law

Freedom, rule of law, equality in rights

Strong and efficient bureaucracy

Large and motivated army

What was Napoleons global legacy

Spread of nationalism

Spread of liberalism

The change of warfare from refined to mass-scale

Rise of Britain and Prussia

Collapse of the Spanish Empire

Upcoming unification of Germany and Italy

What was the Concert of Europe?

a general agreement among the Great Powers of 19th-century Europe to maintain the European balance of power, political boundaries, and spheres of influence (an extended period of relative peace and stability in Europe)

What was the balance of power theory

states may secure their survival by preventing any one state from gaining enough military power to dominate all others (If one state becomes much stronger, the theory predicts it will take advantage of its weaker neighbor)

What were the Revolutions of 1848?

Revolts all over Europe with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states (tens of thousands of people were killed)

What ended the Concert of Europe?

the age of nationalism (it was unable to prevent the wars leading to the unification of Italy & Germany)

What was the result of German Unification

German chancellor Otto von Bismarck revived the Concert of Europe to protect Germany's gains &secure its leading role in European affairs.

Who did the REVITALIZED Concert of Europe include

Austria (now Austria-Hungary), France, Italy, Russia, and Britain. Germany was the driving continental power.

What did the second phase of the COE help with?

a period of relative peace and stability & facilitated the growth of European colonial and imperial control in Africa and Asia

How did the Concert of Europe end for the second time?

with the outbreak of World War I in 1914 when the Concert proved ultimately unable to handle the collapse of Ottoman power in the Balkans.

What was the Congress of Vienna?

it was designed to bring together the "major powers" of the time in order to stabilize the geopolitics of Europe after the defeat of Napoleon. As well as contain France's power after the war following the French Revolution.

What was the German Confederation?

A weak alliance of 39 states, headed by Austria that was created after the defeat of Napoleon by the Congress of Vienna. It replaced the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine

Why was the Congress of Vienna not favourable for some?

Germans: if they didn't live in Prussia, they were either forced into a weak German Confederation or remained a part of other empires

Italians: most remained living in other empires & were heavily dominated by German-speaking Austrians

What resulted in the unification of the German states

Prussia, the strongest German state had established its military and economic superiority in central Europe. That, combined with the decline of Austrian influence, especially thanks to the leadership of Otto von Bismarck.

What was the North German Confederation

a union of northern German states established by Bismarck. It was the first German national state

What did Bismarck reluctantly do?

He disliked colonialism, but he built an overseas empire when it was demanded by both elite, capitalists, national interest and mass opinion.

Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi?

a native of Piedmont-Sardinia, and as an Italian nationalist and military leader, he played a key role in the unification of Italy in the 19th century.