Applied Anatomy Final Exam

HHP 2654 Okstate

Difference between internal and external respiration

External respiration is gas exchange between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries; Internal respiration is gas exchange between systemic capillaries and tissue cells

What tarsal is known as the keystone?

Navicular

What is spondylosis?

Degenerative spine–related pain from conditions such as arthritis, stenosis, or degenerative‑disc disease

What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?

Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and peroneus (fibularis) tertius

What ligaments are first damaged in an inversion ankle sprain?

Anterior talofibular ligament (then calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular)

What is the Q angle?

Angle from the ASIS to the patella center versus patella to tibial‑tuberosity; larger angles raise patellar‑tracking injury risk

What is genu valgum?

Knock‑knees (knees angle inward)

What is the talocrural joint?

True ankle joint between the tibia/fibula mortise and talus permitting plantar‑ and dorsiflexion

When is gluteus maximus force greatest; what angle?

Around 45 ° of hip flexion

What is the largest muscle group in the hip?

Adductor group (magnus, longus, brevis, gracilis, pectineus)

Where do you find the lateral malleolus?

Distal end of the fibula

What joint provides most inversion/eversion of the ankle?

Subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint, aided by the transverse tarsal joint

What is Osgood‑Schlatter disease?

Traction apophysitis of the tibial tuberosity during growth (ages 9‑15)

What is Sever’s disease?

Traction apophysitis of the calcaneal growth plate in active children

What is chondromalacia?

Softening/degeneration of the patellar articular cartilage (“runner’s knee”)

What muscle is called the tailor’s muscle?

Sartorius

In what condition do you see atlanto‑axial instability?

Down syndrome (10‑20 % incidence)

What is hip drop or Trendelenburg limp and what muscle is affected?

Pelvic drop on the swing leg caused by weakness of the contralateral gluteus medius/minimus

What does the quadratus lumborum do?

Unilateral lateral flexion; bilateral lumbar extension and stabilization

What structures are involved in the unhappy triad of the knee?

ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus

Which quadricep is most active when the knee is fully extended?

Vastus medialis

What muscle is needed to unlock the knee?

Popliteus

What three movements are produced by the sartorius?

Hip flexion, hip abduction, and hip external rotation (also assists knee flexion)

What muscles insert into the tibial tuberosity?

Quadriceps via the patellar ligament (rectus femoris and vastus lateralis, intermedius, medialis)

What causes foot‑slap gait?

Weak or paralyzed anterior compartment (tibialis anterior), leading to uncontrolled plantar‑flexion after heel‑strike

Which hamstring has the most lateral insertion?

Biceps femoris (fibular head)

What condition may be caused by iliotibial‑band contractures?

Iliotibial band syndrome (lateral knee pain)

When are the arches usually formed in babies?

Absent until 1‑2 years; fully developed by about 5‑6 years

What is pes planus (flat foot)?

Collapse or absence of the medial longitudinal arch; can be flexible or rigid

In crossing your legs at the knee, what muscles create the two movements?

Sartorius (flexion/external rotation) with adductors and hamstrings assisting knee flexion

The piriformis is part of what group of muscles?

Deep lateral (external) rotators of the hip

What is piriformis syndrome?

Compression of the sciatic nerve by a tight or inflamed piriformis, causing buttock/leg pain

What is another name for dowager’s hump?

Thoracic kyphosis

What is ptosis (abdominal context)?

Separation of the rectus abdominis along the linea alba due to abdominal expansion

What bones form the mortise?

Distal tibia (including medial malleolus) and distal fibula (lateral malleolus)

Where do two specific carpal bones articulate?

Scaphoid and lunate meet in the proximal row/mid‑carpal joint

Where do you find the popliteal fossa?

Posterior knee between hamstring tendons and gastrocnemius heads

Why is breathing hard at high altitudes?

Reduced barometric pressure lowers alveolar O₂ partial pressure, hindering diffusion into blood

What is another word for swayed back?

Lumbar lordosis

What muscle is referred to as the kicking muscle?

Rectus femoris

What is antalgic gait?

A limp that minimizes stance time on a painful limb

Where is the acetabulum?

Lateral pelvis where the ilium, ischium, and pubis meet (hip socket)

At what site do bunions appear?

Medial first metatarsophalangeal joint (hallux valgus)

What should you know about self‑prescribed arch support?

It can weaken intrinsic arch structures; professional assessment is advised

How does the soccer stop‑kick (plant foot) increase field‑goal distance?

Stable plant foot and hip extension improve force transfer to the ball

What is sciatica?

Radiating pain along the sciatic nerve, often from lumbar disc herniation or piriformis compression

What muscle is typically blamed for a groin pull?

Adductor longus (or the adductor group)

What is the correct term for water on the knee?

Knee effusion

What muscles are referred to as Tom, Dick, and Harry?

Tibialis posterior, flexor Digitorum longus, and flexor Hallucis longus

What does the transverse abdominis do?

Compresses abdominal contents and stabilizes the trunk (“draws in” the abdomen)

Diaphragmatic contraction results in what?

Thoracic volume increases and air flows in (inspiration)

What is tidal volume?

About 0.5 L of air moved in a normal quiet breath

What is the Valsalva maneuver and what causes it?

Forced exhalation against a closed glottis during straining; raises intrathoracic pressure then can cause reflex hypotension

A contraction of the right internal oblique causes what two movements?

Right trunk rotation and right lateral flexion

What nerve controls respiration?

Phrenic nerve (C3 – C5) supplying the diaphragm

Where do you find annulus fibrosus?

Outer fibrous ring of an intervertebral disc

Where do you find the odontoid process (dens)?

Upward bony peg on the axis (C2) vertebra

What is lordosis?

Exaggerated anterior curvature of the lumbar or cervical spine (“sway back”)

What is kyphosis?

Excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (“hunchback”)

What is scoliosis?

Lateral curvature of the spine with vertebral rotation

What is ptosis (duplicate question)?

Separation of rectus‑abdominis along the linea alba; also means drooping eyelid in a different context

A bilateral contraction of the sternocleidomastoids results in what?

Neck flexion (chin toward chest)

What causes a wry neck?

Torticollis—spasm or paralysis of the sternocleidomastoid (birth trauma, whiplash, etc.)

Where do you find the linea alba?

Midline fibrous seam between the left and right rectus‑abdominis muscles

Where do you find the tendinous intersections?

Horizontal fibrous bands within the rectus‑abdominis (“six‑pack” grooves)

Where do you find the nucleus pulposus?

Gelatinous core of an intervertebral disc

Where do you find the hyoid bone and why is it interesting?

Anterior neck at C3; the only bone that does not articulate with any other bone

What is the cauda equina and where do you find it?

Bundle of spinal nerve roots below L1‑L2 in the vertebral canal, resembling a horse’s ta

Sacrum

Five fused vertebrae forming the posterior part of the pelvic ring, articulating with ilia at the sacro‑iliac joints.

Gastrocnemius

Two‑headed calf muscle crossing knee and ankle; produces plantar‑flexion and assists knee flexion.

Soleus

Deep calf muscle under gastrocnemius; powerful plantar‑flexor active in posture and walking.

Patella (sesamoid)

Kneecap—largest sesamoid bone, embedded in the quadriceps tendon; improves knee‑extensor leverage.

Triceps surae

Functional group of gastrocnemius + soleus that shares the Achilles tendon.

Intercondylar eminence

Twin bony ridges on the tibial plateau between medial and lateral condyles; anchor cruciate ligaments.

Medial & lateral menisci

Crescent fibro‑cartilage pads in the knee that deepen the tibial articular surface, absorb shock, and guide motion.

Cruciate ligaments

ACL and PCL; cross within the knee to limit anterior‑posterior translation and rotation of the tibia.

Genu varum

Bow‑leg alignment (knees apart, distal tibiae medial).

Genu valgum

Knock‑knee alignment (knees together, distal tibiae lateral).

Decubitus ulcer

Pressure sore caused by prolonged skin ischemia; staged I‑IV by tissue depth.

Sacro‑iliac (SI) joint

Synovial‑fibrous joint between sacrum and ilium transmitting trunk load to lower limbs.

Housemaid’s knee

Pre‑patellar bursitis—fluid swelling over the kneecap from repeated kneeling.

Pelvic lateral tilt

Frontal‑plane drop of one iliac crest relative to the other during gait or imbalance.

Pelvic anterior tilt

ASIS rotates forward/down; increased lumbar lordosis, tight hip flexors, weak extensors.

Pelvic posterior tilt

ASIS rotates backward/up; flattens lumbar curve, driven by hip extensors & abdominals.

Ligamentum nuchae

Strong elastic midline ligament running occiput→C7; limits cervical flexion and muscles’ attachment.

Linea aspera (femur)

Long rough ridge on posterior femoral shaft providing attachment for adductors and vastus muscles.

Tibio‑fibular interosseous membrane

Fibrous sheet uniting tibia and fibula shafts, stabilising and providing muscle origin area.

Hangman’s fracture

Bilateral fracture of C2 pedicles/pars, often from hyper‑extension injuries.

Angle of inclination (femur)

Angle between femoral neck and shaft (~125° adult); affects hip biomechanics.

Spina bifida

Congenital failure of vertebral arches to fuse; ranges from occult defect to exposed neural tissue.

Iliopsoas (iliacus + psoas major)

Strong hip flexor originating from lumbar spine & iliac fossa, inserting on lesser trochanter.

Foot supination

Combined plantar‑flexion, inversion, adduction—forms high‑arched, rigid foot.

Foot pronation

Combined dorsiflexion, eversion, abduction—forms flexible, shock‑absorbing foot.

Herniated disc

Nucleus pulposus protrudes through annulus fibrosus, possibly compressing spinal nerve roots.

Semitendinosus

Medial hamstring with long tendon; extends hip, flexes and medially rotates knee.

Semimembranosus

Broad medial hamstring deep to semitendinosus; same actions plus stabilises knee posteromedially.

Gracilis

Long medial thigh muscle; adducts hip and flexes knee.

Transverse tarsal joint

Compound joint (talonavicular + calcaneocuboid) allowing mid‑foot pronation/supination.

Tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal

Lateral bony prominence where peroneus brevis inserts; common Jones fracture site.