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The World Stage
The international environment is the setting for states to pursue foreign policy
Pluralism, Realism, Global Systems
Perspectives of the State according to IR Lenses
Institutional State, Quasi-State, Clustered State
Perspectives of the State according to the Historical-Sociological Lens
Pluralism
highlighted the role of non-state actors through the notion of interdependence
Realism
emphasized the primacy of the state in determining IR
Global Systems
saw state behavior as derived from the exigencies imposed by socio-economic/politico -military structures
Institutional States
sees the state as an 'actual organization
Quasi-states
Refers to states in the Global South
Possess judicial statehood but have fragmented and incomplete institutions
they lack the institutions able to constrain and outlast the individuals occupying their offices; belligerent states
Clustered States
Emerged as a product of the Cold War's division among states (First World, Second World, Third World division)
States that are pooling their sovereignty and use of the means of violence and authority numbers of international institutions
extensions of institutional states (EU, ASEAN); entails geographical proximity
Weberian epistemology, first wave, second wave
Institutional Conceptions of the State
Weberian epistemology
State/society dominate and
competition
Relative autonomy of the state
Organization that responds to
the external international
environment
First wave
A set of administrative, policing and military organizations led by an executive authority
Traditional understanding of the state using the monopoly of power
Second wave
The state is composed of several points
A differentiated set of institutions and personnel embodying centrality
Political relations radiate to and from a center. Covers a territorially
Exercises some degree of
authoritative, binding rule-making, backed up by some organized physical force
Super powers, emerging power, developing countries
Size and Power
Superpowers
States that have the ability to project their power to the world. These are countries endowed with greater capabilities and has utilized it to effectively project power globally
Emerging power
States that are increasingly able to project its power trying to match the capabilities and use of capabilities by existing superpower
Developing country
Countries that are not that technologically advanced and industrialized. Most post-colonized states which gained independence.
Weak states, failed states
other classification of states
Weak states
Countries with ineffective institutions of government. Most of the time interchanged with small states
Failed states
failure of institutions of government to control state's territory. The absence of effective institutions of government.
Middle powers and great powers
Focuses on survival and legitimizing themselves in the realm
Middle powers
states that can wield a measure of influence, albeit not through the projection of military might (i.e., Singapore)
a. Have some semblance of influence in their realms
Great powers
has the political,
economic, and military strength to exert influence on a global scale
a. Similar capacity to project their influence, but not as powerful/dominant as Super Powers (i.e., the US)
Regional power
A state that has the resources to exert influence in its own region of the world
Small states
have a rather limited capacity to exert influence on other states
a. Smaller range of instruments they can effectively employ in their relations w/ other states
Interdependence
Structure of a state's interaction w/ other states
Suggests that relations between states is based on mutuality & equality
Dependence
asymmetric pattern of interactions between a more and a less powerful state
Consensus-oriented
leaders of a small state voluntarily align their external policy with that of a larger more powerful state that has the capacity to exert influence over them
Compliant Foreign Policy
A more powerful state has the capacity to pressure the smaller state's leaders to align their foreign policy with it; submission out of fear, etc.
Counter dependent Foreign Policy
defiant reaction to dependence. Leaders are frustrated with dependent nature and attempt to reduce their dependence
One way to do effective counterdependent FP is to do it w/ other states
Compensation
antagonization of global superpowers in order to appease a domestic audience
In response to domestic claims from domestic sources
High demand from people to pursue a particular FP
Natural role conception
● States play certain roles in the international environment
● Implies that there are types of FP decisions & behaviors that are appropriate for a state undertake
Soft power
Ability to shape the preferences of othersRelies on what a country represents
Note 
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