anomy

cephalic

head

frontal

forehead

nasal

nose

mental

chin

buccal

cheek

orbital

eyes

oral

mouth

deltoid

shoulder

carpal

wrist

axillary

armpit

mammary

breast

pectoral

chest

sternal

sternum

brachial

arm

antecubital

front of elbow

olecranal

elbow

ante brachial

forearm (ante = before, brachial = arm)

manus

hand

palmar

palm

digital

finger

femoral

thigh

patellar

kneecap

popliteal

posterior of knee (backside)

crural

leg

sural

calf

calcaneal

heel

plantar surface

sole

tarsal

ankle

digital

toe

cranial

surrounding the brain

occipital

back of head

auricular

ear

lumbar

lower back

gluteal

buttock

pubic

genital

umbilical

belly button

inguinal

groin

coxal

hip

pollex

thumb

pedal

foot

sural

calf

perineal

between anus and eternal genitilia

cervical

neck area

scapular

shoulder blade (back)

sacral

triangle bone at the base of the spine (bottom like above the butt area)

anatomy

study of structure and form

physiology

study of function of body parts and how those body parts work together

scientific method

-scientists observe natural events/phenomena

-develop hypothesis to explain the phenomena

-experiment and test the hypothesis w/data

-determine if data supports hypothesis

cytology

study of cells

histology

study of tissues

microscopic anatomy

-structures that cant be seen with the naked eye

-includes cytology and histology

gross anatomy/macroscopic anatomy

-structures visible to the eye, like intestines, stomach, heart, etc.

-systemic anatomy

-regional anatomy

-surface anatomy

-comparative anatomy

-embryology

systemic anatomy

studies the anatomy of each functional system

so urinary system would be taking a look at the kidney and the organs of urine transport like ureters and urethra and also storage so the urinary bladder

regional anatomy

studies the structures all in one region

so studying the axillary (armpit) region would include studying the blood vessels, the nerves, lymph nodes, musculature, connective tissue, and skin

surface anatomy

focuses on superficial anatomic markings and internal structures related to the skin covering them

comparative anatomy

looks at similarities and differences in the anatomy of diff species, like examining and comparing limb stuctures of humans, dogs, and cats

embryology

studies developmental changes occurring from conception to birth

pathologic anatomy

looks at structures and anatomic changes as result of disease

radiographic anatomy

relationships among internal structures that are visualized by specific scanning procedures, like ultrasound and MRI

metabolism

sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the human body

-anabolism and catabolism

anabolism

atoms, ions, and molecules come together to form larger molecules

catabolism

larger molecules are broken down into smaller structures

chemical level

involves atom and molecules; the simplest level

cellular level

consists of cells which are made up of molecules; smallest living structures and serve as basic units of structures and functions in organisms

tissue level

tissues are made up of a group of similar cells that perform common functions.

four types of tissue:

epithelial tissue - covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities

connective tissue - protects, supports, and binds structures and organs

muscle tissue- provides movement

nervous tissue - propagates nerve impulses for communication

organ level

composed of organs which are made up of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions

organ system level

contains multiple related organs that work together to perform coordinated activities and achieve a common function

organismal level

highest level of structural organization in the body; all body systems function independently in an organism

supine

lying down, face upwards

anatomic position

upright with feet parallel and flat to the floor. upper limbs at the side of the body. palms face anteriorly (towards the front). head is level. eyes look toward the observer.

three major anatomic planes

trans-verse, mid-saggital, and coronal (frontal) planes

coronal (frontal) plane

this plane divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts

transverse plane

divides the body or organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts

midsaggital plane

divides the body or organ into equal left and right halves

section vs. plane

section implies an actual cut or slice to examine the anatomy, while plane refers to an imaginary flat surface passing through the body

anterior

in front of

posterior

in back of

proximal

near the point of attachment to the trunk

distal

farther from the point of attachment to the trunk

dorsal

toward the back side of the body

ventral

toward the front side of the body

superior

closer to the head

inferior

closer to the feet

cranial (cephalic)

toward the head end

caudal

toward the rear or tail end

rostral

toward the nose or mouth

medial

toward the midline of the body

lateral

away from the midline of the body

ipsilateral

on the same side

contralateral

on the opposite side

deep

closer to the inside, internal to another structure

superficial

closer to the outside, external to another structure

the stomach Is __ to the spinal column

anterior

the heart is __ to the sternum

posterior

the spinal cord is on the __ side of the body

dorsal

the umbilicus is on the _ side of the body

ventral

the chest is __ to the pelvis

superior

the stomach is __ to the heart

inferior

the shoulders are __ to the feet

cranial

the buttocks are __ to the head

caudal