FINAL ECOLOGY - BIOB54

Geometric

Growth rate in periods of growth like breeding seasons

Births - death

What is the geometric rate of increase?

Lambda

Per capita finite rate of increase a.k.a. geometric population growth rate

r

What is the per capita intrinsic rate of increase a.k.a. exponential growth rate?

Density-independent

Plotting growth rate vs. density

Density-independent or density-dependent?

Density-dependent

Plotting growth rate vs. density

Density-independent or density-dependent?

Environmental change, intrinsic responses

Natural populations fluctuate in size due to 2 factors:

Population cycles

Regular patterns of variations in births & deaths exhibit … (2)

Lagged response

Intensity of fluctuation depends on size of time lag

Regular

Lagged birth/death responses due to density can produce … cycles

(regular or irregular)

4

Collared lemmings: How many years is their lagged birth/death response producing a regular cycle of growth & decline?

Deterministic, stochastic

Population dynamics are influenced by 2 things:

Deterministic

Population dynamics are influenced by 2 things:

Predictable events

Stochastic

Population dynamics are influenced by 2 things:

Chance events

Demographic uncertainty, environmental uncertainty, genetic uncertainty

Stochastic processes (chance events) include 3 things

Suitable habitat, population fluctuations

Increased extinction risk comes in 2 ways:

Decreased … (2)

Increased … (2)

Viability

Population … increases as population size increases

Extinction vortex

The tendency for small populations to decline towards extinction over time (2)

Allee effect

As population size increases, viability increases.

As population size decreases, viability decreases.

(2)

Positive

In the Allee effect, there is a … association between absolute individual fitness & population size over some finite time

(positive or negative)

Insufficient

Addressing original cause of decline is often … to rescue from extinction

(sufficient or insufficient)

Environmental uncertainty

Stochasticity:

Random variation in environment (2)

Demographic uncertainty

Stochasticity:

Random variation in individual reproduction/mortality (2)

Positive

Population regulation: Positive or negative?

As population increases, so does individual fitness

Positive

Population regulation: Positive or negative?

Sudden population crash (N dips below critical threshold)

Negative

Population regulation: Positive or negative?

As population increases, individual fitness decreases (logistic)

Negative

Population regulation: Positive or negative?

Intraspecific competition, predation, parasitism, etc.

Positive

Population regulation: Positive or negative?

Loss of behavior that depends on group living

Predation

Individuals of 1 species feed on & directly harm another species individual

Carnivory

Predator & prey are animals

Herbivory

Predators are animals, prey are plants/algae

Carnivory, herbivory, parasitism

3 ways to eat another organism

Quickly

Predation:

Kills prey …

(slowly or quickly)

Little

Predation:

Consume … prey over lifetime

(many or little)

Herbivory

Prey are not killed immediately (if at all).

Carnivory or herbivory?

Carnivory

Prey are killed quickly and many in predator’s lifetime.

Carnivory or herbivory?

Do not kill prey immediately

Parasitism:

Kill prey immediately or do not kill prey immediately?

Parasite

Parasite vs. parasitoid?

Lives symbiotically on/in prey and consumes certain tissues

Parasite

Parasite vs. parasitoid?

May not kill host

Parasitoid

Parasite vs. parasitoid?

Insects laying eggs in/on another insect host

Parasitoid

Parasite vs. parasitoid?

They eat & usually kill host

Pathogen

If a parasite causes disease, it is called a …

Diet width

Range of food types consumed by predator (2)

Generalists, specialists

2 types of diet width

Generalist

Generalists or specialist?

Broad diet width

Generalists

Generalists or specialist?

Eats both high & low quality food

Generalist

Generalists or specialist?

Handling time very low (eat them immediately and all they find)

Generalist

Generalists or specialist?

Form search images & focus on abundant prey

Specialist

Generalists or specialist?

Narrow diet width

Specialist

Generalists or specialist?

Focuses on high quality food

Specialist

Generalists or specialist?

Low searching time

Specialist

Generalists or specialist?

Generally harder to catch but plentiful prey

Generalist

Generalists or specialist?

Predators

Specialist

Generalists or specialist?

Herbivores

Coevolutionary arms race

Predators exert selective pressure on prey (3)

Batesian

Mimicry where palatable species evolve warning coloration resembling unpalatable species

Warning coloration

Batesian mimicry is when palatable species evolve … (2) resembling unpalatable species

Mullerian

Mimicry where multiple unpalatable species evolve in similar pattern of warning coloration

Palatable

Batesian mimicry is when … species evolve warning coloration

(Palatable or unpalatable)

Unpalatable

Mullerian mimicry is when … species evolve warning coloration

(Palatable or unpalatable)

Secondary compounds

An induced defense in response to herbivory is … (2) where chemicals deter herborizes

Compensation

Prey can respond to grazing damage by reallocating resources (repair damage) called …

Decreasing

Predation removes competitors, … intraspecific competition

(Increasing or decreasing)

Exponentially

Lotka-volterra model:

Prey grow … without predators

Starvation

Lotka-volterra model:

Predators decline to … without prey

Prey

Predators should grow based on number of … born in response to food availability

Food availability

Predators should grow based on number of prey born in response to … (2)

Zero growth isoclines

Lotka-Volterra:

Conditions when population neither grows nor declines (3)

Parasite mediated coexistence

Predation can reduce dominant competitors leading to coexistence of lesser competitors via parasites (3)

Introduced

Species introduced to region where it has not historically existed

Invasive

Species spreading rapidly with detrimental effects on other species

Parasitoid

Predator-prey interactions where they live within & consume tissues of a living host, eventually killing it

Biological control

Introductions of one species to help control abundance of another is known as … (2)

Mesopredators

Relatively small carnivores consuming herbivores

Top

Predators that consume both herbivores + mesopredators

Type I

Functional response:

Predator’s rate of prey consumption increases linearly w/ prey density until predator is satiated

Type II

Functional response:

Number of prey consumed slows as prey population density increases and plateaus

Type III

Functional response:

Prey consumption increases very slowly and when prey population density increases from low numbers

Functional response:

Consumption is rapid when prey density is moderate

Consumption slows when prey density is high

Search image

Learned mental image helping predator locate & capture food (2)

Alarm calling

Behavioral defenses against predators:

Warning relatives that predators are approaching

Spatial avoidance

Behavioral defenses against predators:

Prey move away from the predator

Noticed

Behavioral defenses against predators:

Reducing activity when predators are detected make themselves less likely to be … by predators

Crypsis

To reduce predator detection, individuals camouflage w/ environment or break up outline to blend in better

Aposematism

Strategy in defenses where distastefulness evolves in association w/ colors + patterns

Ectoparasite

Parasites:

Living on outside of organism

Endoparasite

Parasites:

Living on inside of organism

Immune system

Ectoparasites do not have to combat the … (2) of the host but are exposed to external environment

Intracellular, intercellular

2 types of endoparasites

Intercellular

Endoparasites living in the spaces between cells including cavities

Prions

Unique pathogenic bacteria that is not living

Protozoans

Particular group of protists that can cause diseases

Helminths

Several groups of roundworms + flatworms that can cause diseases and can live as ecto/endoparasites on plants

Emerging infectious disease

When a new disease is discovered or a formerly common disease becomes common again (3)

Horizontal transmission

When a parasite moves between individuals other than parents to offspring

Vertical transmission

Parasite is transmitted from parent to offspring

Vector

Some parasite require another organism, known as a … to disperse from 1 host to another

Reservoir

Species that carry a parasite but do not succumb to the disease that the parasite causes in other species

Reservoir

When a parasite can live in multiple host species, its population can persist through the use of … species

Decreases

When a high proportion of the population develop immunity, the spread of the parasite … (speed)

(increases or decreases)