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Exclusive Economic Zones

Regions in which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources, extending 200 nautical miles from its coast.

Nation

A group of people who share a common identity, often based on culture, language, ethnicity, or historical experiences.

Nation-state

A political entity characterized by a defined territory, stable population, and a government that has the authority to make laws and policies.

Stateless-nation

A cultural group that has no independent political entity or nation-state.

Multinational state

A state that contains two or more nations or ethnic groups with distinct cultural identities.

State

A politically organized body of people under a single government.

Enclave

A territory or region that is completely surrounded by the territory of another state.

Exclave

A portion of a state that is geographically separated from the main part of that state.

Types of boundaries

Natural boundaries (rivers, mountains), artificial boundaries (human-made lines), and cultural boundaries (based on cultural differences).

Types of boundary disputes

Positional disputes (disagreements over boundary location), territorial disputes (claims to a land area), and resource disputes (conflicts over resource allocation).

Unitary State

A state governed as a single entity in which most of the political power resides with a central government.

Federal State

A state that divides power between a central government and various regional authorities.

Centripetal Force

Factors that promote unity and stability in a state.

Centrifugal Force

Factors that divide or destabilize a state.

Ethnonationalism

A form of nationalism wherein the nation is defined in terms of ethnicity.

Shatterbelts

Regions that are politically fragmented and often under pressure from external forces.

Balkanization

The process of fragmentation or division of a region into smaller regions or states.

Devolution

The transfer of power and responsibilities from a central government to regional authorities.

Irredentism

The political movement that seeks to reclaim and reoccupy a lost or unredeemed area.

Elements of electoral geography

Factors such as districting, voter behavior, and spatial analysis that affect electoral outcomes.

Reapportionment

The process of redrawing electoral district boundaries to reflect changes in population.

Gerrymandering types

Cracking (diluting a voting group), packing (concentrating a voting group), and hijacking (redrawing boundaries to favor one candidate over another).

Census

An official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals.

Supranationalism

A form of governance involving multiple nations or states working together for shared objectives.

Chokepoints

Strategic narrow passages that are vital for trade or transportation, often prone to control by political or military means.