chapter 4 - exam #1

neuroendocrine changes associated with fight or flite response

• activation of sympathetic nervous system —> stress hormones are released

• release of adrenaline and noradrenaline —> causes high HR, RR, BP, and energy availability

• ACTH tells the adrenal cortex to release cortisol —> increases blood sugar (gives body more energy)

immunosuppression or long-term cortisol release can cause…

decreased activity of WBC’s, which causes increased susceptibility of infection

physical responses to acute stress

• elevated HR

• hyperventilation

• chest pain

Selye’s stress response theory

a response aroused from multiple organ systems as a result to challenge the body

stage 1 of Selye’s stress response theory (General Adaptation Syndrome)

Alarm Stage

• The body recognizes a stressor (like fear, pain, or trauma)

• It activates the sympathetic nervous system

• Hormones like adrenaline and cortisol are released

• Effects: increased heart rate, blood pressure, and energy to help fight or escape

stage 2 of Selye’s stress response theory (General Adaptation Syndrome)

Resistance Stage

• The body tries to cope with the stressor and return to balance

• Hormones stay high to keep you going

• Body systems work harder than normal, but you're still functioning

stage 3 of Selye’s stress response theory (General Adaptation Syndrome)

Exhaustion Stage

• If stress lasts too long, the body’s energy runs out

• You become weaker, and your immune system may fail

• This leads to illness, fatigue, or even organ damage

adaptive ability

how well one can cope when things don’t go as planned

allostatic load

repeated stressful experiences, cannot adapt to stress, prolonged rxn to the stressor, faulty stress response.

wear and tear

ways to manage stress

• less caffeine

• more sleep

• better nutrition

• good work-life balance

• exercising

physiological effects of immobility - musculoskeletal

• muscle weakness and atrophy

• bone loss

• joint stiffness or contractures

physiological effects of immobility - cardiovascular

• decreased circulation

• increased risk of blood clots (DVT)

• orthostatic hypotension (bp drops when going from sitting to standing)

physiological effects of immobility - resp

• reduced cough effectiveness

• increased risk of pneumonia

• shallow breathing and mucus build up (atelectasis)

physiological effects of immobility - nervous

• Sensory deprivation

• Confusion or depression

• Possible nerve compression or damage

physiological effects of immobility - GI

• slowed digestion

• constipation

• increased appetite

physiological effects of immobility - integumentary

• Pressure ulcers (bedsores)

• Skin breakdown due to friction and moisture

skin breakdown and tissue ischemia can lead to the development of …

pressure ulcers

pressure ulcers - stage 1

pressure ulcers - stage 2

loss of epidermal or dermal layers

pressure ulcers - stage 3

deterioration of epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue

pressure ulcers - stage 4

loss of full thickness of tissue down into fascia, muscle, and bone

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

tumor - swelling

rubor - redness

dolor - pain

calor - heat

function laesa - loss of function

phrase used when there is a high quantity of bands (baby neutrophils) present in a WBC with differential

“shift to the left”