drug use and abuse 1

Frankfurt resolution 1990

Concluded attempts to eliminate drugs and drug use can’t succeed. Encouraged cannibas decriminalization

What year was the Frankfurt resolution

1990

Single convention document amended 1972

Encouraged efforts to prevent harmful substance use and provide treatment

Synthetic drug abuse prevention act 2012

Banned synthetic compounds and synthetic marijuana

What year was the synthetic drug abuse prevention act

2012

Fair sentencing act 2010

Designed to reduce disparity for different forms of the same drug

What year was the fair sentencing act

2010

Family smoking prevention and tobacco control act 2009

FDA is regulating tobacco product. Stronger package warnings

What year was the family smoking and tobacco prevention control act

2009

What year were coca leaves around

1000 bc

Harrison narcotics tax act 1914

Attempted to regulate opium traffic

What year was the Harrison narcotics tax act

1914

The Sanfrancisco ordinance 1875

Opium send were banned

What year was the San Francisco ordinance

1875

What did Oregon do in regards to drug laws

Decriminalizes personal possession of all illegal drugs. Provided funds for treatment and housing

Substance abuse

Recurrent problems associated with use. Focused on indirect effect of repeated use

In the ages group 18-25, what were the percentages for alcohol use

Lifetime 71.6

Past year 64

In the age group 12-17, what were the alcohol use percentages

Lifetime 20

Past year 14.8

What are the percentages of alcohol use in a persons lifetime and past year

Lifetime 78

Past year 60

Pharmacological factors

Chemical properties of a drug and the affects on the body. Drug dosage and route of drug administration

Comprehensive methamphetamine control act 1996

Restricted access to ingredients , monitored ingredients and increased penalties for some

What year was the comprehensive methamphetamine control act

1996

Chemical diversion and trafficking act 1988

Controls distribution of materials used to make drugs

What year was the chemical division and trafficking act

1988

Controlled substances analogue enforcement act 1986

Allowed for immediate classification of new drugs

What year was the controlled substances analog enforcement act?

1986

What did patent medicine often contain?

opium morphine cocaine and alcohol

Around what year was cannabis sativa And what was it used for?

Brewing as tea in China around 2700 BC

What year was opium Poppy?

Around 5000 BC

Alcohol early use

6400 BC

Substance use disorder

Label for psychological disorder that includes aspects of typical definition of addiction, including psychological dependence

What happens when a neuron fires?

Axon terminal release neurotransmitters into synapse

Action potential for when a neuron is firing

A rapid depolarization of the axon, travels quickly down the axon, either all or none

Neurons at rest

More positive charged ions are outside and more negative charged ions or are inside

Axon

Conducts an electrical charge from the cell body to the axon terminals when firing

Drug addiction

Overwhelming involvement with a drug having trouble stopping or picking it up again

In the age group of 26 and older, what were the percentages of alcohol used?

Lifetime equals 85.6 pasture equals 64.1

Controlled substances act of 1970

Drugs classified based on medical use potential for abuse and likelihood of producing dependence

What year was the controlled substance act?

1970

Marijuana tax act 1937

License required for producers, manufacturers, imports, and dispensers

What year was the marijuana Tax act

1937

Substance intoxication

Substance specific reversible, dysfunctional effects on thoughts, feelings, and behavior that arise from the use of the psychoactive drug

Pure food and drug act 1906

Produce producers of medicine must indicate packaging the amount of drugs and product

What year was the pure Food and drug act?

1906

What are the four criteria categories for substance use disorder?

Impaired control, social impairment, risky use, pharmacological

Sitting in which drug is used

Laws, environments, presence or absence of people

Agonist

A substance that occupies a neural receptor and produces some actions that mimic or potentiate those of a neurotransmitter

Antagonist

A substance that occupies a neural receptor and blocks normal synaptic transmission

Acetylcholine

Muscle Contractions, learning, memory, sensory processing

Norepinephrine

Emotional arousal, regulation of hunger, alertness and arousal

Dopamine

Coordinated motor movements, reward and pleasuer

Serotonin

Sleep and mood

Endorphins

Pain relief

GABA

Most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain

Glutamate

Most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter. Learning and memory

Anandamide

Active chemicals in cannabis mimic this neurotransmitter

Sensory nerves

Nerves that send input from senses to the brain

Motor nerves

Nerves that send output from brain to muscles

Autonomic nervous system ANS

Regulates non conscious/ automatic functions

Sympathetic branch

Activated during emotional arousal by release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal glands

Parasympathetic branch

Balances action of sympathetic branch by exerting opposite effects

Parts of the brain

The hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

Parts of the hindbrain

Medulla, pons, reticular activation formation, cerebellum

Medulla

Regulation of breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing, digestive process, vomitting

Pons

Provides pathways for input up and output down along the spinal cord. Plays a role in the control of sleep and wakefulness

Reticular activating formation

Pathway running alongside the pons and through the medulla that regulates altertness and arousal

Cerebellum

Balance, motor control and coordinations

What makes up the midbrain

Substantial Nigra and vta

Substantial nigra

Associated with basal ganglia structure, involved in coordination of movement and integration of motor control. Produces dopamine

Ventral tegmental area

Dopamine neurons involved in the reward circuit . Have axons that extend to other brain areas

What makes up the forebrain

Thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, basal ganglia

Thalamus

Relay station for sensory input but not smell

Hypothalamus

Involved in regulation. Eating, drinking. Body temp, sexual behavior, sleep wake cycle, pituitary glad

Amygdala

Mediation of emotional experiences especially fear and anger

Hippocampus

Involved in formation of memories

Basal ganglia

Start, stop, regulate movement, integration of movement

Cerebral cortex

The outermost largest part of the brain

Frontal lobe

Functioning, planning, emotiona control. Impulsive control, personality

Parietal lobe

Sensory perception

Temporal lobe

Primary hearing

Occipital lobe

Visual projection area

Mesolimbic dopamingergic pathway

Neural basis of reward/pleasure.

Nucleus accumbens

If the pathway from vta to nac lesioned, animals don’t become addicted

Electroencephalography EEG

Measures electrical brain waves through scalp

Computerized axial tomography CAT

Passes X-rays through head in circular pattern for three-dimensional image of the brain

Functional mri FMRI

permits very rapid imaging, measurement of oxygen levels in brain blood vessels, correlated with brain region metabolism: can use to make inferences about brain regions most active during a specific psychological activity

Positron emission tomography PET

Intravenous injection of radiotracers; measured to see where isotopes are absorbed, absorption rate, etc., to assess changes (including drug-induced) in activity in various brain regions

Magnetic resonance imaging MRI

passes strong magnetic field through the head, generating radio waves causing brain molecules to emit energy of different frequencies depending on their properties - creates localized, detailed brain image