inorganic chemistry Bio

in the name of The Father, Son, and Holy Spirit 🙏

What is an atom

the smallest unit of matter

what are the compontent particles of an atom

Nucleus, Protons, Neutrons

what is a proton

A positive charge particle that is in the nucleus

What do protons determine

The chemical properties of an element

what are neutrons 

A particle in the atom that have no charge

what are electrons

very tiny negatively charge particles that are attracted to protons and orbit the nucleus

what is an atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus; it impacts the arrangement based on atomic number atomic number

What are Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have a varying number of neutrons in the nucleus

even through istopes have varying numbers of neutrons in the nucleus…

isotopes of the same element have similar chemical properties, since those are determined by the number of protons 

what is atomic mass

the average weight of atoms in that element -the number of protons and neutrons deteremine the mass

how do you read a chemical

top number is the atomic number and the second number (larger) is the average atomic mass

how do determine the number of particles in an atom

Protons=atoms Neutrons= Mass number - atomic number Electrons= atomic number - charge  (Protons and electrons will be the same) 

What is valence

the number and energy level of the electrons on an atom etermines how it bonds withother atoms 

what are electron chells

rings around the nucleus that deteremine the energy levels of the electrons (bigger the ring bigger the energy vice versa) Represented by the symbol n

how many electrons can the shells hold

1- 2 electrons 2.8electrons

What are Valence electrons

they are electrons on an atoms that will participate in bonding with another atom (outermost electron shell) 

what causes for an atom to be more chemically stable 

when they fill up their outermost electron shell or valance shell with electrons 

how are rows organizned in the periodic table 

by electron shells 

what is a chemical bond

when atoms from a lastong attraction to eachother

what is a chemical reaction

wgen atoms or molecules interact with each other and change their arrangemnt or configuration of chemical bonds 

what are reactants

substances that are presetn at the start of a reaction

what are products

substances that are formed during a reaction and are present at the end

what is the most common type of chemical bond 

a covalent bond 

how do covalen bonds from

betwhent wo atoms share pairs of electrons

what happens when two atoms form a covalent bond

they become chemically stable by fillinf each other valence orbitals (rings)

which bond is the most stable

Covalent bonds

what is a molecule 

when two or more atoms form a covalent bond 

what is a nonpolar covalent bond

when there is a similar amount of electronegatcity an the electrons are equally shared

what does electronegativity do

it attracts a bonding pair of electrons

what is a polar covalent bond

its when one atom in the bond har much higher electro negativty thant eh toher thent he electrons are not equally shared 

what is an ion

when an atom picks up or loses electrons to achieve a stbale electron number when it fully gaines orloses the electron then it causes an electrical charge

What symbol is showns next to the leement symbol

it is either a + or - sign and it shows how many lectrons or lost or gained

what is a cation

when an atom LOSES one or more electrons becomes positive it gets called a cation

what is an anion

when an atom GAINS one ore more electrons it becomes negative and called an anion 

when are inoic bonds formed

when oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other and the sharing of electronis more in favor of the electronegatice atom 

what happens when inic bonds frome in grater numbers in the same area

they form altnernating sheets whic form solid cryslaline material

what is a hydrogen bond

it is a weak attraction between two different molecules with oppostie partial charges

how does a hydongen bond form

when there is a positively charged hydrogen atom on one molecule and a negative electronegative atom on another molecule 

what is cohesion

when molecules stick to each other more than in other liquids

what is adhesion

when water dropends cling on other surfaces

what is high thermal capacity

when the product can hold alot of energy; it takes a lot of energy to get the molefulesto come apart 

what is hydrophilic 

water loving, it can interact or bond with water molecules on the molcular level 

why are polar molecules attrated to water 

because of their charges )opposites attract 

what is hydrophobic

water fearing - when it does not interact or bond with water molecules

what type of molecules are hydrophobic

nonpolar molecules or neutral substances

what is a solution

it is a solution uniform liquid mixture of two or more substances

what is solvent 

when a substance in a solutons dissolves other sibstances 

what is a solute

a substance that dissolves in a solution

what is a pH

it is the measure of acidity or basicity of a solution

what is acid (Acidity)

it is a substance that realaeases hydrogens and choride ions

wht does acid do to a substance

it increases the concetration ofof hydogen ions and will make a chemical come apart into indivdual atoms or ions

what is base

a substance that increses the concetratio nof hydroxide ions in a solutions is one of two basic ways; bonding with hydrogen ions or realeasing hydroxide ions

what does a base subtance do

it brings together hydrogen atoms , ions or other atoms to make a chemical

why can acids and bases neutralize each other 

because they have the oppostife effect on the concetration of hydrogens in a sollution

what is the pH scale used for

to show the relative aitity or basicity of s sulution

from what numbers does the scale end and start

from 0 to 14

where in the scale would it be considered neutral 

7 

what is the scale based on

the ratio of hydrogen and hydroxides

from which number does the acidic side start and end

starts at 7 and ends at 0

from which number does the basic side start and end

it starts at 7 and ends at 14

which side has a higher amounf of hydrogens (H+) comapted to neutral 

the acidic side 

which side has a lower amount of hydrogens (H+) compared to neutral 

the basic side 

the pH scale is logarithmic which means

that the difference from one whole number to the next is a 10x concentration shift of hydrongens (H+)

what are buffers

theya re solutions that help minimize changes in pH by accpeting or donating Hydronges (H+) in a solution

true or false: can buffers act as a base or an acid depending on the sutiation

True

what is teh bicarbonate blood buffer system

a BUFFER

how does the bicarbonate blood buffer system work

an enzyme converts carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid(acid) . tehn some of the carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions (base). it creates both an acid and a base to neutralize each other and other acids and bases that enter the blood stream