vascular plants lab - 7

selective advantage of flowers

• less energy required to make a bit of pollen

• attract an animal to carry the pollen to another plant, rather than making gobs of pollen and hoping that the wind will pollenate a neighbour

identify a-e

a. sepal

b. petal

c. pistil

d. stamen

e. perianth

identify A-L

a. receptacle

b. ovary (fused carpels)

c. stigma

d. style

e. ovary

f. anther

g. filament

h. petal

i. sepal

j. pistil

k. stamen

l. perianth 

carpel/pistil

• modified megasporophyll

• encloses and protects the ovules

ovules develop into…

seeds

Inflorescence

Ways flowers are clustered together into aggregations

Peduncle

The stalk of an inflorescence (cluster of flowers)

Pedicel

The stalk of a single flower in an inflorescence

Receptacle

The part of the flower stalk to which the floral appendages are attached

What parts of the flowers are the stable appendages

Sepals and petals

What parts of the flower are fertile

Stamens and carpels

Calyx

All the sepals together

Corolla

All the petals together

Perianth

The calyx and corolla together

What are stamens and their two parts

• Stamens are microsporophylls

• They consist of the filament and anther

The anther contains

Four pollen sacs (microsporangia)

Parts of the carpel

• lower part: the ovary

• Middle part: the style

• Upper part: the stigma

Ovary function

Enclose and protect the ovules

Stigma function

• receives the pollen from the pollinating agent (insect, animal, wind)

• Assists in germination

Style function

• connects stigma to ovary

• Elevates stigma so it’s receptive to pollen

• Provides entry route and nutrition to to pollen tube of a germinated pollen grain

Perfect flower

has both carpels and stamens on same flower

Imperfect flower

Lacking either stamens or carpels on flowers

Staminate flowers

Only have stamens on flowers

Carpellate flowers

Only have carpels on flower

Monoecious

Same plant has both staminate flowers and carpellate flowers

Dioecious

Staminate and carpellate flowers are found on different plants of the same species

Complete flowers

Have all floral parts (sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels)

Incomplete flowers

• Lacking one or more floral parts (carpel, stamen, sepal, petals)

• All imperfect flowers are incomplete

regular/actinomorphic flowers

• radially symmetrical

• floral parts are similar in shape and radiate from center of the flower and are equidistant from each other

irregular/zygomorphic flowers

• bilaterally symmetrical

• one or more of the floral parts (often petals) have different form than other members of the same whorl

hypogynous flowers

• the sepals, petals, and stamens are attached to the receptacle below the ovary

• the ovary is said to be superior and the flower is said to be hypogynous

epigynous flowers 

• the sepals, petals, and stamens apparently grow from the top of the ovary, which is therefore inferior
  

perigynous flowers

• the petals and the stamens are attached to the margin of a
  cup-shaped extension of the receptacle (the hypanthium)

• ovaries still considered superior

what type of symmetry does this flower have

radial = regular/actinomorphic

what kind of symmetry does this flower have

bilateral = irregular/zygomorphic

what type of flower is this based on ovary position

hypogynous

what type of flower is this based on the position of the ovary

perigynous

what type of flower is this based on the position of the ovary

epigynous

placenta

The portion of the ovary where ovules originate and remain attached
until maturity

parietal placentation

the ovules are borne on the ovary wall or on extensions of it

axile placentation

• the ovules are borne on a central column of tissue in a partitioned ovary
  with as many locules as there are carpels.

• Also called central
  

free central

the ovules are borne on a central column of tissue not connected
by partitions with the ovary wall

basal placentation

a single ovule at the very base of a unilocular ovary.

pendulous placentation

a single ovule at the top of the ovary

identify the placentation types a and b

a. basal

b. pendulous

identify the placentation types for a-d (two are the same type)

a. parietal

b. parietal

c. axile/central

d. free central

trimerous flowers

• 3 sepals, 3 petals, 6 stamens and 3 carpels

• monocots

tetramerous and pentamerous flowers

• multiples of 4 or 5

• eudicots

how are the floral parts arranged in a floral diagram (outermost to innermost)

• sepals

• petals

• stamens 

• carpe

how should a hypogynous floral diagram be drawn

• no lines attaching the floral parts

how should a epigynous floral diagram be drawn

• the stamens, petals, and sepals, should be attached directly to the carpels by lines

how should a perigynous floral diagram be drawn

• the hypanthium should be drawn as a circle with the stamens, petals, and sepals attached to it by lines

• the carpel should be inside the hypanthium

bracts

modified leaves or scales arising from the peduncle or pedicels.

involucre

Clusters or whorls of bracts

spathe

• a single, highly colored, conspicuous bract

• subtends a fleshy inflorescences called a spadix

solitary inflorescences

a single flower at the top of a peduncle

spike inflorescences

Flowers attached to the peduncle, which is the main stalk of the inflorescence

raceme inflorescence

There’s a peduncle, but the flowers are attached to pedicels, which are side stalks that come out of the peduncle

catkin inflorescences

A catkin is a specialized type of raceme or spike that is drooping, cylindrical, and composed of small, unisexual flowers that often lack petals

panicle inflorescences

A panicle is a branching cluster of flowers, where the main stem branches out and then those branches branch again

corymb inflorescences

• a flower cluster whose lower pedicel stalks are proportionally longer so that the flowers form a flat or slightly convex head

• The oldest flowers are on the outside of the cluster

cyme inflorescences

• a flower cluster whose lower pedicel stalks are proportionally longer so that the flowers form a flat or slightly convex head

• The oldest flowers are in the middle of the cluster

umbel inflorescences

has all the pedicels attached at a central point on the peduncle

head inflorescences

• consist of two flower types: ray flowers on the perhiphery that are
  showy and usually sterile, and disk flowers in the middle that are fertile

• The receptacle is large and fleshy to support the entire structure

compound umbel

umbels attached to more umbels

determinate inflorescences

• the main axis ends with a terminal flower, and subsequent flowers develop from lateral buds below it, meaning the main axis growth is halted

• ex: solitary and cyme

indeterminate inflorescences

the peduncle keeps growing and producing flowers. Thus, the youngest
flowers are at the top of an elongated axis, or the centre of a head or umbel

identify the inflorescence

solitary

identify the inflorescence

spike

identify the inflorescence

raceme

identify the inflorescence

catkin

identify the inflorescence

panicle

identify the inflorescence

corymb

identify the inflorescence

cyme

identify the inflorescence

umbel

identify the inflorescence

head

identify the inflorescence

compound umbel

identify the inflorescence

spathe and spadix