MCB 150 Exam 1 Review

Carbohydrates (polysaccharides)

Complex sugars made of long chains of monosaccharides, serving as energy storage and structural components in organisms. They include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

glucose

hexose sugar; monomer of lactose, maltose, sucrose and polysaccharides like starch and glycogen. aldehyde

galactose

hexose sugar; monomer of lactose; aldehyde

maltose

disaccharide of two glucose molecules

fructose

hexose sugar; monomer of sucrose; ketone

ribose

pentose sugar; component of RNA; aldehyde

ribulose

pentose sugar; ketone

cytosine

pyrimidine group; pairs with guanine (DNA & RNA)

thymine

pyrimidine group; pairs with adenine (DNA)

uracil

pyrimidine group; pairs with adenine (RNA)

adenine

purine group; pairs with thymine/uracil (DNA & RNA)

guanine

purine group; pairs with cytosine (DNA & RNA)

GEL (phospholipid bilayer)

temperature is colder, with no kinks in phospholipids making them more tightly packed together

Fluidity (phospholipid bilayer)

temperature is colder, kinks within the phospholipids making them more pushed apart allowing for a more fluid membrane

cellulose

most abundant carbon-containing organic compound on earth; found in plant cell walls (structural); b-1,4-glycosidic linkage

glycogen

energy storage for animals; helical (more branches); a-1.4-linkages, chained together by a-1.6-glycosidic linkages

starches

energy storage for plants; how glucose is stored in plants; a-1.4-glycosidic linkage, fewer branches

amino acid

monomer of proteins (20 different versions; characterized by r group)

ionized amino acid

charged

non-ionized amino acid

not charged

lipid

monomers are fatty acids, glycerol, fats, steroids, cholesterol

“hydrocarbon” molecule

saturated fatty acid

no kinks, solid at room temperature

unsaturated fatty acid

kinks, liquid at room temperature

Hexose sugar formula

C12H22O11

Pentose sugar formula

C5H10O5

nucleus

maintenance of genetic information, location of DNA, production of ribosomal subunits, genetic information transmitted

Rough ER

production of proteins within rough ER; first stop and for proteins bound for membrane

Golgi Apparatus

modifies and packages proteins from Rough ER

Smooth ER

detoxification of cell and lipid synthesis

enzymes

type of protein, lowers energy of activation

entropy

amount of disorder (deltaS)

enthalpy

total energy in a molecule (deltaH)

long/weak bonds

high potential energy (nonpolar)

short/strong bonds

low potential energy (polar)

primary structure

the sequence of amino acids from N to C

secondary secondary

first level of folding; formation of a-helicies and b-pleated sheets into polypeptide, stabilized by (weak) hydrogen bonds(O-H); peptide backbone is polar

tertiary structure

unique 3D; final conformation of some proteins; due to interactions between R-groups with each other and backbone; stabilized by h-bonds of side chains, h-bonds of hydrophilic side chains and backbone, ionic bond between acidic and basic amino acid, hydrophobic clustering, and van der waals forces, disulfide linkages

quaternary structure

found in proteins with multiple polypeptide chains (subunits), called dimers; 2 identical subunits are call homodimer, and 2 different are called heterodimer

effects of misfolded proteins

prions - disease causing agents (can cause other proteins around it to also fold into prions)

-deltaG

spontaneous(exergonic) energy released from molecule

+deltaG

no spontaneous (endergonic) energy into molecule