(MIDTERM) HH L3

A

What is the specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) cavity where chondrocytes are located?

A) Lacunae

B) Perichondrium

C) Isogenous aggregate

D) Somatomedin

C

Which type of collagen is the most abundant in the matrix of hyaline cartilage?

A) Type I

B) Type III

C) Type II

D) Type IV

D

The dense connective tissue sheath that surrounds most cartilage is called the:

A) Periosteum

B) Synovial membrane

C) Endosteum

D) Perichondrium

C

Which cartilage type is characterized by a "glassy" and homogeneous appearance?

A) Fibrocartilage

B) Elastic cartilage

C) Hyaline cartilage

D) Articular cartilage

B

What are groups of up to eight chondrocytes originated from the mitotic division of a single cell called?

A) Mesenchymal clusters

B) Isogenous aggregates

C) Chondroblasts

D) Fibroblastic nests

C

Which multiadhesive glycoprotein mediates the adherence of chondrocytes to the ECM?

A) Fibronectin

B) Osteonectin

C) Chondronectin

D) Laminin

B

The most abundant proteoglycan in hyaline cartilage is:

A) Hyaluronan

B) Aggrecan

C) Keratan sulfate

D) Chondroitin sulfate

B

Which hormone, derived from the pituitary gland, is a major regulator of hyaline cartilage growth?

A) Insulin

B) Somatotropin

C) Thyroxine

D) Cortisol

C

Cartilage growth involving the mitotic division of preexisting chondrocytes is known as:

A) Appositional growth

B) Chondrogenesis

C) Interstitial growth

D) Calcification

B

Which type of cartilage lacks a perichondrium?

A) Elastic cartilage

B) Fibrocartilage

C) Costal cartilage

D) Tracheal cartilage

B

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into what specific cell type during the initial stages of chondrogenesis?

A) Fibroblasts

B) Chondroblasts

C) Osteoblasts

D) Macrophages

A

The ECM immediately surrounding each lacuna is specifically called the:

A) Territorial matrix

B) Interterritorial matrix

C) Perichondrial matrix

D) Ground substance

C

What provides the yellowish color to fresh elastic cartilage?

A) High water content

B) Type II collagen

C) Abundant elastic fibers

D) Type I collagen

B

Fibrocartilage is essentially a mingling of hyaline cartilage and:

A) Loose connective tissue

B) Dense connective tissue

C) Adipose tissue

D) Reticular tissue

B

What term describes the process of embryonic cartilage formation?

A) Ossification

B) Chondrogenesis

C) Hematopoiesis

D) Angiogenesis

C

Which of the following is an example of hyaline cartilage?

A) Epiglottis

B) External ear

C) Epiphyseal plates

D) Intervertebral discs

C

Growth of cartilage through the differentiation of progenitor cells in the perichondrium is called:

A) Interstitial growth

B) Hypertrophic growth

C) Appositional growth

D) Endochondral growth

A

What molecules, bound to the proteoglycan core protein, allow cartilage to act as a shock absorber?

A) Sulfated GAGs

B) Elastic fibers

C) Type I collagen

D) Integrins

C

Chondrocytes receive nutrients primarily through:

A) Direct blood supply

B) Nerve impulses

C) Diffusion from the perichondrium or synovial fluid

D) Active transport from the ECM

A

Which type of collagen is uniquely found in high amounts in fibrocartilage to provide tensile strength?

A) Type I

B) Type III

C) Type II

D) Type IV

B

What are liver-derived factors that directly stimulate hyaline cartilage cells?

A) Somatotropins

B) Somatomedins

C) Growth hormones

D) Metalloproteinases

D

A benign tumor derived from cartilage cells is called a:

A) Chondrosarcoma

B) Fibroma

C) Osteoma

D) Chondroma

B

Because it lacks blood vessels, cartilage is described as:

A) Vascular

B) Avascular

C) Innervated

D) Calcified

B

What are the two types of GAG side chains found on aggrecan?

A) Hyaluronan and Heparin

B) Chondroitin sulfate and Keratan sulfate

C) Dermatan sulfate and Heparan sulfate

D) Collagen and Elastin

B

Which area of the matrix is richer in collagen and less basophilic?

A) Territorial matrix

B) Interterritorial matrix

C) Perichondrium

D) Lacuna

A

The precursor for all types of cartilage is embryonic:

A) Mesenchyme

B) Ectoderm

C) Endoderm

D) Epithelium

B

Which condition involves the gradual loss or change in physical properties of hyaline cartilage in joints?

A) Chondrosarcoma

B) Osteoarthritis

C) Chondrogenesis

D) Calcification

D

In histology preparations, why is hyaline cartilage matrix generally basophilic?

A) Presence of Type II collagen

B) Low water content

C) Presence of elastic fibers

D) High concentration of proteoglycans

D

Chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage primarily metabolize glucose via:

A) Aerobic respiration

B) Gluconeogenesis

C) Beta-oxidation

D) Anaerobic glycolysis

C

Which structure is found in the external ear and epiglottis?

A) Hyaline cartilage

B) Fibrocartilage

C) Elastic cartilage

D) Articular cartilage

B

What proteins noncovalently bind aggrecan to hyaluronan?

A) Integrins

B) Link proteins

C) Fibronectins

D) Chondronectins

C

What constitutes up to 60%–80% of the weight of fresh hyaline cartilage?

A) Collagen

B) Proteoglycans

C) Water

D) Cells

C

Which type of cartilage is found in the pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs?

A) Elastic

B) Hyaline

C) Fibrocartilage

D) Costal

B

A malignant tumor of cartilage is known as:

A) Chondroma

B) Chondrosarcoma

C) Osteosarcoma

D) Liposarcoma

A

The "inner layer" of the perichondrium contains:

A) Mesenchymal stem cells

B) Fibroblasts and Type I collagen

C) Only elastic fibers

D) Only mature chondrocytes

C

Why is cartilage repair typically slow and incomplete?

A) High cell density

B) Rapid metabolic rate

C) Avascularity and low metabolic rate

D) Excessive blood supply

C

Which cartilage provides cushioning and resistance to tearing and compression?

A) Elastic

B) Hyaline

C) Fibrocartilage

D) Articular

A

The temporary skeleton in the embryo is made of:

A) Hyaline cartilage

B) Fibrocartilage

C) Elastic cartilage

D) Bone

C

What is the GAG that forms long polymers to which aggrecan binds?

A) Chondroitin sulfate

B) Keratan sulfate

C) Hyaluronan

D) Heparin

B

Intermittent compression and decompression of cartilage helps:

A) Produce more collagen

B) Move water and solutes (nutrients)

C) Destroy the perichondrium

D) Create new nerves

A

What defines the maximum thickness of hyaline cartilage?

A) Limits of nutrient diffusion

B) Length of collagen fibers

C) Size of the perichondrium

D) Number of chondrocytes

C

Which cartilage type is characterized by axial arrangements of chondrocytes?

A) Hyaline

B) Elastic

C) Fibrocartilage

D) Articular

D

Which type of cartilage is found in the walls of the Eustachian tubes?

A) Hyaline

B) Fibrocartilage

C) Calcified

D) Elastic

B

Which enzymes are triggered by macrophages during osteoarthritis to exacerbate damage?

A) Somatomedins

B) Matrix metalloproteinases

C) Polymerases

D) Chondronectins

D

The term for the "cell" of cartilage is:

A) Osteocyte

B) Mesenchyme

C) Fibroblast

D) Chondrocyte

B

Which structure lacks a perichondrium and is sustained by synovial fluid?

A) Tracheal cartilage

B) Articular cartilage

C) Auricle of the ear

D) Costal cartilage

A

What happens to mesenchymal cells when they begin to differentiate during chondrogenesis?

A) They round up and retract extensions

B) They become star-shaped

C) They die

D) They form blood vessels

B

The "glassy" appearance of hyaline cartilage is due to its:

A) Elastic fibers

B) Homogeneous ECM

C) Lack of collagen

D) High cell count

D

Fibrocartilage is more acidophilic than hyaline cartilage because it has:

A) More water

B) More lacunae

C) More elastic fibers

D) Fewer proteoglycans

C

The outer region of the perichondrium consists largely of:

A) Chondroblasts

B) Type II collagen

C) Type I collagen and fibroblasts

D) Elastic fibers

B

What is the suffix used for a malignant tumor?

A) -oma

B) -sarcoma

C) -genesis

D) -itis

A

In growing cartilage, cells with abundant RER and large Golgi complexes are:

A) Actively secreting matrix

B) Inactive

C) Dying

D) Converting to bone

C

Which cartilage type forms the meniscus of the knee?

A) Hyaline

B) Elastic

C) Fibrocartilage

D) Articular

B

The physical properties of cartilage depend on electrostatic bonds between collagen fibrils and:

A) Fibronectin

B) Sulfated GAGs on proteoglycans

C) Nerve endings

D) Blood vessels

D

Where is hyaline cartilage found in the respiratory tract?

A) Only the nose

B) Only the trachea

C) Epiglottis

D) Nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi

B

Which growth process is more important during postnatal development?

A) Interstitial growth

B) Appositional growth

C) Chondrogenesis

D) Calcification

B

When a chondrocyte is first formed from a mesenchymal cell but is still rapidly proliferating, it is called a:

A) Chondrocyte

B) Chondroblast

C) Fibroblast

D) Stem cell

B

Isogenous groups are produced by:

A) Cell fusion

B) Mitosis

C) Meiosis

D) Differentiation from the perichondrium

A

Damage to the perichondrium often results in the formation of:

A) A scar of dense connective tissue

B) New hyaline cartilage

C) Bone

D) Elastic fibers

C

Which cartilage type is found in the epiglottis?

A) Hyaline

B) Fibrocartilage

C) Elastic

D) Articular

A

Which factor makes the territorial matrix stain differently?

A) High concentration of GAGs

B) Absence of cells

C) Presence of Type I collagen

D) Presence of nerves

B

The function of costal cartilage is to:

A) Protect the brain

B) Articulate ribs with the sternum

C) Form the external ear

D) Support the intervertebral discs

B

What occurs to hyaline cartilage, especially costal cartilage, during the aging process?

A) It becomes more elastic

B) Calcification

C) It turns into fibrocartilage

D) It disappears completely

B

The meniscus is described as:

A) A bone

B) Padlike fibrocartilage

C) Elastic support

D) A ligament

D

Which of these lacks nerves?

A) Perichondrium

B) Muscle

C) Skin

D) Cartilage

B

What type of collagen fibrils are enclosed within the proteoglycan meshwork of hyaline cartilage?

A) Thick Type I

B) Thin Type II

C) Type IV

D) Type VII

B

Chondrogenesis takes place primarily from:

A) The outside in

B) The center outward

C) Random locations

D) The blood vessels

C

Which molecule is a "linear hyaluronan polymer"?

A) Aggrecan

B) Chondroitin

C) Hyaluronan

D) Link protein

B

What type of tissue is the perichondrium?

A) Loose connective tissue

B) Dense connective tissue

C) Epithelial tissue

D) Nervous tissue

B

Chondrocytes in the "center" of a developing cartilage mass are more:

A) Immature

B) Mature

C) Likely to become fibroblasts

D) Likely to die

C

Which tissue provides a "smooth, low-friction surface in joints"?

A) Fibrocartilage

B) Elastic cartilage

C) Hyaline (articular) cartilage

D) Bone

A

Young chondroblasts at the periphery of cartilage have what shape?

A) Elliptic

B) Round

C) Star-shaped

D) Square

B

The matrix of fibrocartilage contains "large areas of dense connective tissue with":

A) Type II collagen

B) Type I collagen

C) Elastic fibers

D) No collagen

B

Somatomedins are released from which organ?

A) Pituitary gland

B) Liver

C) Kidney

D) Pancreas

B

In the embryo, mesenchymal cells "multiply rapidly" and become:

A) More spread out

B) More densely packed

C) Apoptotic

D) Transparent