r

Totipotent stem cells

Can give rise to every cell type in the body, existing at very early developmental stages.

Pluripotent stem cells

Can give rise to many different cell types.

Multipotent stem cells

Give rise to specific cell lineages with more limited potential.

Definition of Cellular Differentiation

Development from stem cells into specialized cell types.

Metaplasia

Change from one type of mature tissue to another.

Hyperplasia

Growth through cell multiplication or active cell division.

Hypertrophy

Growth through an increase in cell size.

Regeneration

Ability to replace or repair damaged cells.

Fibrosis

Replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue that doesn't perform original function.

Apoptosis

Controlled cell suicide that is not tissue necrosis.

Necrosis

Tissue damage and death resulting from loss of blood supply.

Gangrene

Tissue necrosis with insufficient blood supply.

Atrophy

Shrinkage of tissues and loss of cell size.

Atomic number

Number of protons that defines the element.

Atomic mass

Sum of the number of protons and neutrons.

Isotopes

Same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Valence electrons

Outermost electrons that participate in bonding.

Ionic bonds

Transfer of electrons, typically between metals and nonmetals.

Covalent bonds

Sharing of electrons between atoms.

Tight junctions

Seal spaces between cells to prevent leakage.

Desmosomes

Provide mechanical strength to tissues.

Exocrine glands

Glands that secrete products through ducts to external surfaces.

Endocrine glands

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

pH scale

Logarithmic scale measuring the concentration of hydrogen ions.