cattle equine and sheep lab

What is the primary equipment used to restrain cattle for procedures?

A chute system.

What is the purpose of running cattle through a chute?

Safe handling, examination, and performing procedures.

What does tail restraint help prevent?

Kicking

What is the first step of a cattle physical exam?

Visual assessment from a distance.

What two major systems should always be auscultated in cattle?

Heart and lungs.

What other system requires auscultation in cattle that is less common in small animals?

GI system (rumen sounds).

What are the normal temperature, pulse, and respiration (TPR) ranges for adult cattle?

• emperature: 100.4–102.8°F

• Pulse: 40–80 bpm

• Respiration: 10–30 bpm

Where do you auscultate the heart?

Behind the left elbow.

What are the two primary veins used for blood draws in cattle?

Jugular vein and coccygeal (tail) vein.

Where is the coccygeal vein located?

Under the tail, between the hemal arches.

Where should SQ injections be given in cattle?

Neck region.

Where should IM injections be given in cattle?

Neck only.

Why are IM injections limited to the neck in cattle?

To avoid damaging valuable meat cuts.

Where are ID injections performed in cattle?

Caudal tail folds (commonly for TB testing).

What types of fluid therapy may be administered on-farm to cattle?

Oral or IV fluids depending on condition.

What is uterine lavage used for?

Clearing infection or debris from the uterus.

What is calf stabilization?

Providing supportive care to weak newborn calves (warming, fluids, colostrum).

: What condition involves low calcium levels and is treated on-farm?

Hypocalcemia (milk fever).

What is the most common site for blood collection in horses?

Jugular vein

What are four alternative vessels used for equine blood draws?

Transverse facial, facial, superficial thoracic, saphenous (foals only)

What tool is used to prepare pills for oral dosing?

Mortar and pestle (to grind into powder)

Name four substances used to mix ground medication for easier dosing.

Applesauce, molasses, cocoa, soy

What are three delivery methods for oral medications once mixed?

Syringe, in feed, alone as a paste/slurry

Which oral medication can also be given rectally (as an enema)?

Metronidazole

Why can some oral medications be given rectally?

Because of poor palatability or inability of the horse to swallow medications.

What anatomical landmark is essential for IM injections in horses?

The IM injection triangle (you must know all structures forming it).

What strict rule applies to syringes and needles in equine medicine?

Never reuse needles or syringes between patients.

Why is sterility especially important in horses?

They are highly prone to injection site reactions.

Do equine vaccination schedules vary?

Yes, based on risk, age, and exposure.

What has changed drastically in recent years regarding equine deworming?

Anthelmintic resistance and guidelines.