Exam 1 : endocrine, digestive, nutrition

What are the two major control systems of the body?  Which works fast, which works slow?

nervous systems( fast) and endocrine system ( works slow)

What are the two classes of hormones? Where are their receptors? Which uses a second messenger?

Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood without ducts, while exocrine glands use ducts to secrete non-hormones onto body surfaces (and organs like the pancreas do both).t

which two organs have both endocrine and exocrine functions

The pancreas and the gonads

What are the exocrine and endocrine products of the pancreas?

Endocrine = insulin and glucagon into blood; Exocrine = digestive enzymes into pancreatic duct.

What are the exocrine and endocrine products of the gonads?

Endocrine = sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone) into blood; Exocrine = gametes (eggs and sperm) through ducts.

Which gland secretes Growth Hormone (GH), TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and Prolactin?

Anterior pituitary gland

Which two hormones are stored and released by the posterior pituitary?

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin.

Which endocrine gland secretes Thyroid Hormone (T_3/T_4) and Calcitonin?

thyroid gland

What is the main function of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?

raise blood calcium levels

Which hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?

Cortisol, Aldosterone, and Androgens.

Which hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla during "fight-or-flight"?

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine.

What is the function of insulin and glucagon?

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels; glucagon raises blood glucose levels.

Which gland secretes melatonin to regulate sleep-wake cycles?

pineal gland

What are the three subdivisions of the pharynx from superior to inferior?

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx.

Which subdivision of the pharynx contains the palatine and lingual tonsils?

Oropharynx.

What are the four regions of the stomach?

Cardia, Fundus, Body, and Pylorus.

What are the three subdivisions of the small intestine in order from stomach to large intestine?

Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum.

What are the main parts of the large intestine in order?

Cecum (with Appendix), Colon (Ascending, Transverse, Descending, Sigmoid), Rectum, and Anal Canal.

What sphincter connects the small intestine (ileum) to the large intestine (cecum)?

Ileocecal valve (sphincter

Name the three pairs of major salivary glands.

Parotid, Submandibular, and Sublingual glands

Anterior pituitary

Which duct drains bile directly from the liver?

Common hepatic duct.

Which duct drains bile directly from the gallbladder?

cystic duct

What two ducts join together to form the common bile duct?

Common hepatic duct and cystic duct.

Where do the common bile duct and pancreatic duct dump their contents?

Duodenum

What does amylase do, and where is it produced?

Breaks down starches (carbohydrates) into simple sugars like monosaccharides ; produced by salivary glands and pancreas

What is the optimal pH for amylase?

7

What does pepsin do, and what is its optimal pH?

Breaks down proteins into amino acids and pH 2

What does lipase do, and what is its optimal pH?

breaks down lipids to fatty acids and pH 7

What is the optimal temperature for human digestive enzymes?

98.6

What happens to an enzyme at temperatures above 45–50°C or at extreme pH levels?

The enzyme denatures (unfolds and permanently loses its 3D shape and function).

What happens to enzyme activity at very low (cold) temperatures?

Activity slows down because molecules move slower, but the enzyme does NOT denature.

Why does moving an enzyme away from its optimal pH decrease its activity?

It alters the electrical charges on the protein, changing the shape of the active site so the substrate can no longer fit.

Pituitary gland

Posterior pituitary

Thyroid gland

Adrenal gland

Adrenal cortex

Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Adrenal medulla

Secrete parathyroid hormone

Parathyroid glands

Secretes insulin (beta cells are here) endocrine and exocrine

Pancreas

Produce estrogen and testosterone

Ovaries

Mixed glands, produce testosterone and sperm

Testes

What is 1 and 2?

Incisors

What is 3?

Canines

What is 4 and 5?

Premolars

What are 6,7,8?

Molars

What is 1?

Uvula

What is 2?

Palatine tonsil

nasopharynx

What is 3?

Lingual frenulum