LAB 1 TERMS TO KNOW

Superior/Cranial

Nearer to the head; The heart is superior to the stomach

Inferior/Caudal

Nearer to the feet; The stomach is inferior to the heart.

Anterior/Ventral

Nearer to the front; the toes are anterior to the ankle

Posterior/Dorsal

Nearer to the back; the heel is posterior to the toes.

Medial

Nearer to the median plane; the nose is medial to the eyes.

Lateral

Farther from the median plane; the ear is lateral to the nose.

Proximal

Nearer to the trunk or point of origin; the elbow is proximal to the wrist.

Distal

Farther from the trunk or point of origin; the wrist are distal to the elbow.

Deep

Farther from the surface; the humerus in deep to the arm muscles.

Superficial

Nearer to the surface; the muscles of the arm are superficial to the bone (humerus).

Sagittal

Divides the body into left and right halves; sagittal planes run parallel to the midline.

Midsagittal

The midsagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right halves, running through the midline.

Parasagittal

A parasagittal plane divides the body into unequal left and right portions, running parallel to the midsagittal plane.

Transverse/Axial

Divides the body into superior and inferior parts, perpendicular to the sagittal and frontal planes.

Coronal/Frontal

Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections, running perpendicular to the sagittal plane.

Dorsal cavity

posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to the posterior body cavity

Cranial cavity

A subdivision of the dorsal cavity that surrounds and protects the brain.

Vertebral cavity

division of the dorsal cavity that houses the spinal cord; also referred to as spinal cavity

Ventral cavity

<span>anterior body cavity that houses organs such as the heart, lungs, and digestive organs; divided into thoracic and abdominal cavities

Pleural cavity

the compartment within the thoracic cavity that contains the lungs, providing space for their expansion during breathing.

Pericardial cavity

fluid-filled space surrounding the heart, located within the thoracic cavity

Thoracic cavity

the part of the ventral cavity located above the diaphragm, which houses the pleural and pericardial cavities, containing the lungs and heart.

Abdominopelvic cavity

the large cavity below the diaphragm that houses the digestive organs, kidneys, and reproductive organs. Includes the abdominal and pelvic cavity.

Liver

an essential organ in the body that detoxifies chemicals, metabolizes drugs, and produces bile for digestion.

Gallbladder

a small organ located beneath the liver that stores bile produced by the liver, aiding in the digestion of fats.

Large Intestine

The last part of the digestive system, responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes, and storing fecal matter before excretion.

Small Intestine

The part of the digestive system between the stomach and the large intestine, where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs.

Appendix

a small, tube-like structure attached to the cecum of the large intestine, often considered to have no significant function in digestion but may play a role in immune function.

Stomach

a J-shaped muscular organ in the upper left abdomen that temporarily stores food, mechanically churns it, and uses gastric juices to break it down into a liquid mixture called chyme

Spleen

An organ involved in filtering blood, recycling iron, and playing a role in the immune response.

Umbilicus

the small, central scar on the abdomen marking the spot where the umbilical cord was attached in the fetus. It contains no significant function after birth.

Right Upper Quadrant

the area of the abdomen that includes the liver and gallbladder

Right Lower Quadrant

the area of the abdomen that includes the appendix, cecum, ascending colon, and portions of the small intestine.

Left Upper Quadrant

the area of the abdomen that includes the stomach and spleen

Left Lower Quadrant

the area of the abdomen that includes the sigmoid colon, descending colon, and portions of the small intestine.

Greater Omentum

a fold of peritoneum extending from the stomach to the intestines, involved in fat storage, immune response, and infection isolation.

Integumentary system

the organ system that includes the skin, hair, nails, and associated glands, serving as the body's first line of defense.

Urinary Bladder

a muscular sac that stores urine before it is excreted from the body.

Kidney

an organ that filters blood, removes waste, and produces urine, playing a crucial role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.

Clavicle

the bone that connects the arm to the body, commonly known as the collarbone.

Scapula

the bone that connects the humerus to the clavicle, commonly referred to as the shoulder blade.

Sternum

the flat bone located in the center of the chest, which connects to the ribs and supports the thoracic skeleton.

1st Rib

the first rib in the human body, which is the shortest and most curved rib, connecting to the sternum at the manubrium and supporting the upper body.

Humerus

the long bone in the upper arm, extending from the shoulder to the elbow joint, and involved in the movement of the arm.

Ulna

the longer of the two bones in the forearm, located opposite the radius, and it connects to the humerus at the elbow joint.

Radius

the long bone in the forearm located on the same side as the thumb, running parallel to the ulna and involved in wrist movement.

Right and Left Axillary artery

The right and left axillary arteries are major blood vessels that supply blood to the upper limbs, branching from the subclavian arteries and extending through the axilla.

Descending Thoracic Aorta

the part of the aorta that descends through the thoracic cavity, giving off branches that supply the thorax and upper abdomen.

Abdominal Aorta

The largest artery in the abdomen, continuing from the thoracic aorta and supplying blood to the abdominal and pelvic organs.

Renal artery

The renal arteries are blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the kidneys, branching from the abdominal aorta.

Right and Left Common iliac arteries

The vessels that branch from the abdominal aorta at its terminal end, supplying blood to the pelvis and lower limbs.

Right and Left External iliac arteries

These arteries branch from the common iliac arteries and supply blood to the lower limbs and pelvic region.

Right and Left Femoral arteries

The femoral arteries are the continuation of the external iliac arteries that supply blood to the thigh and provide branches to the skin and muscles of the lower limb.