self-esteem

Stability (Trait self-esteem)

One’s enduring self-esteem across time

Stability (State self-esteem)

One’s changeable self-esteem (fluctuated by

situations

Specificity (Global self-esteem)

self-esteem across domains, activities, or areas of life.

Specificity (Domain-specific self-esteem)

self-esteem that is contingent to a particular

domain.

Consciousness (Explicit self-esteem)

Consciously or deliberatively activated feeling about

oneself

Consciousness (Implicit self-esteem)

Unconsciously or automatically activated feeling

about oneself

Name Letter Effect (NLE) (major implicit measures of self-esteem)

The more people prefer his or her initials to other non-initial

letters of alphabets, the higher they have implicit self-esteem

Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (R-SES) (explicit measure of global, trait self-

esteem.)

The higher score people have, the higher trait they have high

explicit, global, trait self-esteem.

Self-Attributes Questionnaire (SAQ) (explicit measure of domain-specific, trait self-esteem)

The higher score people have, the higher trait they have high

explicit, domain-specific, trait self-esteem (e.g., intellectual

ability, athletic ability, artistic ability, social skills)

Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale pros

High reliability and validity

Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale cons

Too obtrusive; can be distorted by social desirability

Name Letter Effect measure pros

Unobtrusive; Can avoid respondents’ social desirability

Name Letter Effect measure cons

Low reliability and validity

Self-Attribute Questionnaires pros

Specificity; can predict specific outcomes

Self-Attribute Questionnaires cons

Too obtrusive; can be distorted by social desirability

high self esteem

Take initiatives

• High self-clarity (clear and

consistent)

• Emotionally stable

• Feelings of acceptance by others

• High self-efficacy

• Tendency to overestimate others’

views on themselves

• Strong self-enhancement motives

low self esteem

• Less approach people

• Low self-clarity (less stable)

• Vulnerable to mood swing

• Perceptions of rejection by others

• Low to moderate self-efficacy

• Tendency to underestimate others’

views on themselves

• Strong self-protection motives

Narcissism

grandiosity (entitlement)

(2) Strive for maintaining the inflated

sense of self

(3) Low empathy for others

• Seek out opportunity for attentions,

• Manipulative

• Defensive and easily threatened

Conceptual definition

What a psychological concept is defined

Operational definition

What a psychological concept is measured

Conceptual example

Feelings (positive or negative) that one has about oneself

Operational example

Ask how favorable you see yourself

• Ask preference for letters included in

one's own name