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learning and sleep
HEBB Rule
Every time you fire an action potential all synapses will strengthen
Perceptual Learning
Learning to recognize a particular stimulus that has been perceived before
Motor Learning
Enhancing coordinated movements via practice. (Learning to make a new response)
Stimulus- Response Learning
Learning to automatically make a particular response in presences of a particular stimulus.
Relational Learning
Learning relationships among individual stimuli
Classical Conditioning
Learning through association of two stimuli that produce a new response.
Neutral stimulus
any stimulus that is presented to an organism that does NOT produce an automatic reflexive response.
Unconditioned Stimulus
a stimulus that is unlearned and produces a reflexive response.
Unconditioned Response
an unlearned reflexive response.
Conditioned Stimulus
A learned stimulus that was previously neutral
Conditioned Response
Stimulus that is learned and produces a reflexive response.
Acquisition
Refers to the initial stage of learning or conditioning process during which a response is first established
Stimulus discrimination
Refers to the ability to distinguish between stimuli and respond differently to them.
Punishing stimulus
aversive stimulus that follows particular behavior and makes behavior become less frequent.
Spontaneous recovery
refers to the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning
Long-term potentiation
When synaptic connections between neurons become stronger with frequent activation.
Anterograde amnesia
The inability to form new memories after a brain disturbance
Spatial Memory
Refers to the brain’s ability to navigate environments
Synaptic plasticity
Change in synapse that can enhance the communication between neurons.
Retrograde amnesia
The inability to recall events that occurred before the brain disturbance.
Stimulus generalization
Refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be elicited by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned response
Operant conditioning
A learning process that uses rewards and punishments to modify behavior.
Reinforcing stimulus
Appetitive stimulus that follows particular behavior and makes behavior more frequent.
Extinction
Refers to the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response.
What is the role of the CA1 field of the hippocampus in memory processing?
It is the output of the hippocampus. It plays a major role in memory retrieval and consolidating short-term memories into long-term memories.
What is the primary function of the entorhinal cortex in memory processing?
To provide major input to the hippocampus.
What is the main function of the hippocampus in relation to memory?
It helps convert short-term memories into long-term memories.
What is the role of the discriminative stimulus in reinforcement learning?
It signals to the organism that reinforcement will follow a specific behavior.
What is the function of the feedback loop between the prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area (VTA)?
To amplify dopamine release, reinforcing behavior.
What explains the role of the nucleus accumbens projection to the basal ganglia in reinforcement learning?
It links the reward signal to the motor movements required to obtain the reward.
What role do dopaminergic neurons play in reinforcement?
Dopaminergic neurons in the VTA release dopamine in response to positive outcomes or rewards.
What is the of RNA in LTP3, and where is it produced?
RNA is produced at the cell body and serves as a template for protein synthesis. These proteins are used to create new receptors.
In LTP2, why is protein synthesis at the dendrites important for synaptic strengthening?
Allows new receptors to be made locally and inserted into the synapse quickly.
How does calcium contribute to changes in the presynaptic neuron through nitic oxide?
Nitic oxide signals the presynaptic neuron to release more glutamate, reinforcing synaptic transmission.
What is LTP primarily associated with in terms of brain function?
Increasing synaptic strength
How does the activation of NMDA receptors contribute to synaptic plasticity?
It allows calcium ions to enter the neuron
Why is there dendritic washback?
For the NMDA receptors to open
What determines the strength of a neuron?
distance in the synaptic cleft
amount of receptors at the postsynaptic neuron
the amount of glutamate that is released.
What issue in learning did H.M have after the removal of his hippocampus?
Relational learning
What is confabulation in the context of Korsakoff’s syndrome?
Creating fake memories or events to fill memory gaps.
How is the mesolimbic system involved in reinforcement learning?
The release of dopamine is associated with pleasure and reinforcement, making the behavior more likely to occur in the future.
What is a way that increases surface area to strengthen a synapse?
By growing more dendritic spines
What role does calcium play in the process of LTP?
It strengthens synaptic connnections.
What is the primary NT involved in the process of strengthening synapses during LTP?
Glutamate
What enzyme does calcium bind to strengthen a synapse?
calcium calmodulin-kinase
How does changing the shape and size strengthen a synapse?
It becomes fatter and mushroom shaped giving more surface area for more AMPA receptor to move.
Sleep area is the ______________________
Ventral lateral preoptic area
Serotonin is produced in the ________________________
Raphe nuclei
Norepinephrine is produced in the _________________________________
Locus coeruleus
Acetylcholine is produced in the __________________________________
Pons
Histamine is produced in the _______________________________________
Hypothalamus
Orexin is produced in the ___________________________________
Hypothalamus
What is the role of orexin in the sleep-wake cycle?
It acts as stabilizer to help maintain wakefulness and regulate biological rhythms.
What is the relationship between orexin and the biological clock?
Orexin regulate the biological clock, hunger, and satiety, contributing to the stability of wakefulness.
What area is responsible for turning OFF REM ?
ventrolateral periaqueductal
What area is responsible for turning ON REM?
Sublaterodorsal nucleus
What neurotransmitters are released by the arousal system to maintain wakefulness?
norepinephrine
serotonin
acetylcholine
dopamine
what is the role of adenosine in sleep regulation?
Adenosine accumulates as glycogen decreases, creating sleep pressure.
