APHG unit 7 exam prep

Ecumene

portion of the Earth's surface that is permanently inhabited by humans. It includes areas such as cities, towns, and agricultural land

Urban

Areas with high concentrations of people

Rural

Area with low concentrations of people

Suburb

Primary resident areas near cities

Settlement

A place with a permanent human population

Urbanization

The process of developing cities

Percent urban

an indicator of the proportion of the population that lives in cities and towns as compared to those that live in rural areas

Sub urbanization

the process of people moving, usually from cities, to residential areas on the outskirts of cities

Re Urbanization

When suburbanites return to live in the city

Exubanization

when suburbanites move farther out into rural areas and work remotely

Satellite cities

when an established town near a very large city grows into a city independent of the larger one 

City states

The most successful early agricultural settlements. Consist of an urban center and its surrounding territory and agricultural villages

Urban hearths

areas generally associated with river valleys in which seasonal floods and fertile soils aided the production of an agricultural surplus

Metropolitan area/metro area

a collection of adjacent cities across which population density is high and continuous

Metropolitan statistical area

In the United States, a central city of at least 50000 population, the county in which it is located, and adjacent counties that have a high degree of social and economic integration or connection with the urban area

Mictropolitan statistical area

cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants (but less than 50,000), the county in which they are located, and surrounding counties with a high degree of integration

Nodal region

An area organized around a node or focal point

Social heterogeneity

diversity in cultural interests, sexual orientations, languages spoken, professional pursuits, and other characteristics

Time space compression

the rapid innovation of communication and transportation technologies associated with globalization that transforms the way people think about space and time

Borcherts model

describes urban growth based on transportation technology

Pedestrian cities

the earliest urban centers shaped by the distance people could walk 

Streetcar suburbs

communities that grew up along rail lines, emerged, often creating a pinwheel shaped city

Urban system

An interdependent set of cities within a region

Gravity model

states that places that are larger and closer together will have a greater interaction than places that are smaller and farther away from each other

Rank size rule

States that the nth largest city in any region will be 1/n the size of the largest city

Primate city

The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement

Central place theory

developed to explain the distribution of cities of different sizes across a region

Central place

a location where people go to receive goods and services (AMSCO 309)

Market area

The area surrounding a central place, for which it provides goods and services and from which it draws population (AMSCO 310)

Hexagonal hinterlands

the shape of the market areas in the central place theory because it was a compromise between a square and a circle (AMSCO 310)

Threshold

the size of population necessary for any particular service to exist and remain profitable (AMSCO 310)

Range

the distance people will travel to obtain specific goods or services (AMSCO 311)

Megacities

the world's largest cities and typically have more than ten million people (AMSCO 311)

Megaopolis

describes a chain of connected cities (AMSCO 312)

Conurbation

a single, uninterrupted urban area (AMSCO 312)

World cities (Global cities)

cities that exert influence far beyond their national boundaries (AMSCO 311)

Funcational zonation

The idea that portions of an urban area, regions or zones within a city, have specific and distinct purposes (AMSCO 319)

CBD

the commercial heart of a city (AMSCO 320)

Concentric zone model

describes a city as a set of rings that surrounds a central business district (AMSCO 321)

Sector model

describes sectors of land use for low-, medium-, and high- income housing (AMSCO 321)

Multiple nuclei model

suggests that functional zonation occurred around multiple centers, or nodes (AMSCO 321)

Peripheral model

A variant of the multiple-nuclei model, describes suburban neighborhoods surrounding an inner city and served by nodes of commercial activity along ring road or beltway (AMSCO 322)

Galactic city model

describes the spread of U.S. cities outward from the CBD to the suburbs, leaving a declining inner city (AMSCO 322)

Edge cities

locations along transportation routes that grow to provide hotels, malls, restaurants, and office complexes (AMSCO 322)

Griffin Ford model

often used to describe Latin American cities: A 2 part CBD at the center of a city: a traditional market center and a high rise center (AMSCO 323)

Spine

where theaters, restaurants, parks, and other amenities are located in the Griffin-Ford Model (AMSCO 323)

Mall

the part of the spine that ends in a growing secondary center (AMSCO 323)

Periferico

the outer ring in the Griffin-Ford Model characterized by poverty, lack of infrastructure, and areas of poorly built housing (AMSCO 323)

Shantytowns

area that are built with poor housing

Favelas

Brazilian neighborhoods where extreme poverty, homelessness, and lawlessness are common (AMSCO 323)

Barrios

Latin American neighborhoods where extreme poverty, homelessness, and lawlessness are common (AMSCO 323)

Disamenity zones

areas not connected to city services and under the control of drug lords and gangs (AMSCO 323)

Traditional CBD

African CBD's that existed before European colonization characterized by clusters of shops on narrow streets (AMSCO 325)

Colonial CBD

African CBD's that have broad, straight avenues and large homes, parks, and administrative centers (AMSCO 325)

Informal economy zone

thrives with curbside, car-side, and stall-based businesses that often hire people temporarily and do not follow all regulations (AMSCO 325)

Periodic markets

where small-scale merchants congregate weekly or yearly, to sell their goods (AMSCO 325)

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Informal settlements

densely populated areas built without coordinated planning and without sufficient public services for electricity, water, and sewage (AMSCO 325)

Squatter settlements

areas of informal settlements from migrants who simply reside wherever they can find space (AMSCO 325)

Mosque

A Muslim place of worship and the center of an Islamic city (AMSCO 325)

Citadel

a fort designed to protect the city (AMSCO 325)

Suqs

traditional outdoor markets that are along the major roads in an Islamic city (AMSCO 325)

MCee model

describes the land use in many of the larger cities in southeast Asia (AMSCO 326)

Residential zones

the areas of a city devoted to where people live rather than to commercial or industrial functions (AMSCO 327)

Residential density gradient

as one moves farther from the inner city, population density declines along with the type and density of housing units (AMSCO 327)

Zoning ordinances

regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions can be used (AMSCO 326)

Urban planning

a process of promoting growth and controlling change in land use (AMSCO 326)

Filtering

a process where houses pass from one social group to another (AMSCO 327)

Invasion and succession

the process by which one social or ethnic group gradually replaces another through filtering (AMSCO 327)

Gated communities

planned neighborhoods that control access and aesthetics within the community (AMSCO 327)

Big box retail

stores that over a wide variety of products for, typically, suburban residents (AMSCO 328)

Suburbanization of business

the movement of commerce out of cities to suburbs where rents are cheaper and commutes for employees are shorter (AMSCO 328)

Municipality

refers to a local entity that is all under the same jurisdiction (AMSCO 328)

Annexation

the process of adding land to a city's legally defined territory (AMSCO 328)

Incorporation

the act of legally joining together to form a new city (AMSCO 329)

Bedroom communities

commuter suburbs within a larger metro area (AMSCO 329)

Condoildation

one solution to the problem of municipal fragmentation where certain elements of government are handled jointly, while others are handled individually (AMSCO 329)

Special districts

districts that attempt to solve a specific need (AMSCO 329)

Unicorporated areas

Some populated regions that do not fall within the legal boundary of any city or municipality (AMSCO 329)

Census tracts

contiguous geographic regions that function as the building blocks of a census (AMSCO 329)

Census block

a section of block groups. Can be very small in cities or very large in rural areas (AMSCO 330)

Social area analysis

use qualitalive and quantitative data in order to gain an overall understanding of the lives and characteristics of people living within urban areas (AMSCO 330)

Inner cities

the regions just outside the CBD in North American Cities (AMSCO 337)

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Underclass

people who face social hardships that contribute to their poverty (AMSCO 338)

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Culture of poverty

a way of living that reflects a lack of income and accumulated wealth (AMSCO 338)

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Brownfields

abandoned polluted industrial sites in central cities (AMSCO 338)

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Urban redlinging

the process by which banks refuse loans to those who want to purchase and improve properties in certain urban areas (AMSCO 338)

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Redevelopment

involves renovating a site within a city by removing the existing landscape and rebuilding from the ground up (AMSCO 339)

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Eminent domain

laws that allow the government to seize land for public use after paying owners the market value for their property (AMSCO 339)

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Gentrification

the process of wealthier residents moving into a neighborhood and making it unaffordable for existing residents (AMSCO 340)

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Scattered site

an approach employed to alleviate the problems of public housing by dispersing it through areas of the city (AMSCO 340)

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Ghettos

areas of poverty occupied by a minority group as a result of discrimination (AMSCO 342)

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Urban colonies

neighborhoods where immigrants move to be closer to religious institutions, stores that sell familiar goods, and friends and relatives who speak their language (AMSCO 342)

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Homelessness

the condition of not having a permanent place to live (AMSCO 341)

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Racial segregation

occurs in housing when people live in separate neighborhoods based on their ethnicity or race (AMSCO 342)

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Blockbusting

in which people of one ethnic group, usually middle-class whites, would be frightened into selling their homes at low prices when they heard that a family of another group was moving into the neighborhood (AMSCO 342)

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Public transportation

buses, subways, light rail, and trains operated by a government agency (AMSCO 344)

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Informal economy

Portion of the economy that is not taxed or regulated by government (AMSCO 345)

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Shadow economy

informal economies in more developed countries (AMSCO 345)

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Urban canyons

Streets lined with tall buildings can channel and intensify wind. They also prevent natural sunlight form reaching the ground (AMSCO 346)

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Urban heat island

the concentration of buildings in the core of a city creates a portion of a city warmer than surrounding regions (AMSCO 347)

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