KSU GA History Exemption test

. Georgia History: Overview

Georgia was the last of the thirteen colonies to be founded. Its formation came a half century after the twelfth British colony.Georgia was the only colony founded and ruled by a Board of Trustees, which was based in London.

Mississippian Period: Overview

(A.D. 800-1600), complex native cultures, organized as chiefdoms, emerged and developed lifeways in response to the particular features of their physical surroundings.

Chiefdoms

a specific kind of human social organization with social ranking as a fundamental part of their structure. In ranked societies people belonged to one of two groupings, elites or commoners.

Difference between elites and commoners in chiefdoms

rested more on ideological and religious beliefs than on such things as wealth or military power.

Purpose of mounds in Mississippian culture

capitals of chiefdoms, platforms for buildings, as stages for religious and social activities, and as cemeteries.

Hernando de Soto

The first European to explore the interior of what is now the state of Georgia

discovered the true way the Indians lived, but devastated their societies with the plague and small pox

Spanish Missions

the primary means by which Georgia's chiefdoms were assimilated into the Spanish colonial system

five friars were murdered in the Guale rebellion of 1597, northern missions were abandoned completely until 1604.

James Oglethorpe (1696-1785)

Conceived of and implemented his plan to establish the colony of Georgia.

Yamacraw Indians

a small band that existed from the late 1720s to the mid-1740s in the Savannah area. First led by Tomochichi and then by his nephew and heir Toonahowi, they consisted of about 200 people and contained a mix of Lower Creeks and Yamasees.

Malcontents

Among those to voice displeasure with the policies of General James Oglethorpe and the Georgia Trustees during the early years of Georgia's settlement.

Lead by:

Patrick Tailfer

Thomas Stephens.

Tomochichi

chief of the Yamacraw Indians, principal mediator between the native population and the new English settlers during the first years of settlement

Royal Georgia

The period between the termination of Trustee governance of Georgia and the colony's declaration of independence at the beginning of the American Revolution

Battle of Bloody Marsh

This event was the only Spanish attempt to invade Georgia during the War of Jenkins' Ear, and it resulted in a significant ENGLISH VICTORY.

English and Spanish forces skirmished on St. Simons Island

James Wright

The third and LAST royal governor of Georgia. Played a key role in retarding the flame of revolution in Georgia long after it had flared violently in every other colony.

Salzburgers

a group of German-speaking Protestant colonists, founded the town of Ebenezer in what is now Effingham County.

Rice

Georgia's first staple crop, the most important commercial agricultural commodity in the Lowcountry from the middle of the eighteenth century until the early twentieth century.

Mary Musgrove (ca. 1700-ca. 1763)

Known as Coosaponakeesa among the Creek Indians, served as a cultural liaison between colonial Georgia and her Native American community in the mid-eighteenth century.

Revolutionary War in Georgia

The colony had prospered under royal rule, and many Georgians thought that they needed the protection of British troops against a possible Indian attack. Georgia did not send representatives to the First Continental Congress that met in Philadelphia,

Button Gwinnett (1735-1777)

one of three Georgia signers of the Declaration of Independence. He served in Georgia's colonial legislature, in the Second Continental Congress, and as president of Georgia's Revolutionary Council of Safety.

Lachlan McIntosh (1727-1806)

a member of a prominent eighteenth-century Scottish Highland family that was among the earliest settlers of the Georgia colony, played an important role in the cause of American independence.

Yazoo Land Fraud

In 1789 the legislature sold about 25 million acres to three companies, only to torpedo the sale six months later by insisting that payment be made in gold and silver rather than in depreciated paper currency.

Major Ridge (ca. 1771-1839)

The Cherokee leader is primarily known for signing the Treaty of New Echota (1835), which led to the Trail of Tears. Before this tragic period in Cherokee history, however, he was one of the most prominent leaders of the Cherokee nation.

Eli Whitney in Georgia

Invented the cotton gin in Georgia. This revolutionized the southern economy and deepened the region's commitment to slave labor and ultimately placed the country on the path to the Civil War (1861-65).

Nancy Hart (ca. 1735-1830)

Georgia's most acclaimed female participant during the Revolutionary War (1775-83). A devout patriot, Hart gained notoriety during the revolution for her determined efforts to rid the area of Tories, English soldiers, and British sympathizers.

Slavery in Revolutionary Georgia

War of 1812 and Georgia

Cherokee Removal

In 1838 and 1839 U.S. troops, prompted by the state of Georgia, expelled the Cherokee Indians from their ancestral homeland in the Southeast and removed them to the Indian Territory in what is now Oklahoma. Product of the demand for arable land during the rampant growth of cotton agriculture in the Southeast, the discovery of gold on Cherokee land, and the racial prejudice that many white southerners harbored toward American Indians.

Gold Rush

late 1829 north Georgia, known at the time as the Cherokee Nation, was flooded by thousands of prospectors lusting for gold. Niles' Register reported in the spring of 1830 that there were four thousand miners working along Yahoola Creek alone.

Cotton

From the late eighteenth to the mid-twentieth century, there was no more important single factor in Georgia's agricultural economy

William Harris Crawford

A two-time U.S. presidential nominee and the only Georgian to run for the presidency prior to Jimmy Carter

best known nationally for his 1824 bid for the presidency, the most controversial presidential election

served as a U.S. senator, cabinet member under two presidents, and foreign diplomat.

John Ross

principal chief of the Cherokee Nation in 1827, following the establishment of a government modeled on that of the United States

Wilson Lumpkin (1783-1870)

his major accomplishment was his cardinal role in the removal of the Cherokee Indians from north Georgia. one of Georgia's most prominent political leaders of the antebellum period. After early service in local government and the state legislature, he was elected to Congress four times, serving 1815-17 and 1827-31; he resigned before serving his fourth term to run for the governorship of Georgia.

Sequoyah (ca. 1770-ca. 1840)

the legendary creator of the Cherokee syllabary.

Howell Cobb (1815-1868)

served as congressman, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, governor of Georgia, and secretary of the treasury.

Following Georgia's secession from the Union in 1861, he served as president of the Provisional Confederate Congress and a major general of the Confederate army.

Robert Toombs (1810-1885)

one of the most ardent secessionists in the U.S. Senate, helped to lead Georgia out of the Union on the eve of the Civil War

Alexander Stephens

the vice president of the Confederacy during the Civil War (1861-65),

Crawford Long

a north Georgia physician credited with the discovery of anesthesia.

William Craft and Ellen Craft

Slaves from Macon who gained celebrity after a daring, novel, and very public escape in December 1848. She was mixed and passed as a white slave owner to her husband that was full black.

Mark Anthony Cooper

best remembered as an industrialist whose ironworks was one of the leading businesses in antebellum northwest Georgia. involved with railroads

owned and operated the Western Insurance and Trust Company.

bacon scandal

Roswell King

was in his seventies when he founded his namesake town. He established textile mills in the late 1830s and enticed wealthy coastal families to join his enterprise, thus changing the economy and the population mix of northern Fulton County.

Land Lottery System

public lands in the interior of the state were dispersed to small yeoman farmers (i.e., farmers who cultivate their own land) based on a system of eligibility and chance.

Cherokee removal

during the growth of cotton agriculture in the Southeast, the discovery of gold, and the racial prejudice that many white southerners harbored toward American Indians.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

the U.S. Supreme Court held in 1832 that the Cherokee Indians constituted a nation holding distinct sovereign powers.

Georgia in 1860

Georgia and the Sectional Crisis

led to the outbreak of the Civil War. Southern politicians struggled during the crisis to prevent northern abolitionists from weakening constitutional protections for slavery. Georgians maintained a relatively moderate political course,

Battle of Kennesaw Mountain

one of the Atlanta campaign's major actions in the Civil War. At Cheatham Hill, the heaviest fighting occurred along a salient stretch in the Confederate line dubbed "Dead Angle" by Confederate defenders.

Sherman's March to the Sea

the most destructive campaign against a civilian population during the Civil War (1861-65), began in Atlanta on November 15, 1864, and concluded in Savannah on December 21, 1864.

Deportation of Roswell Mill Women

Atlanta Campaign

the name given by historians to the military operations that took place in north Georgia during the Civil War (1861-65) in the spring and summer of 1864.

Unionists

an often overlooked group of white southerners who played a substantial part in sowing discontent and undermining the Confederate war effort.

Joseph E. Brown (1821-1894)

Soon after his election to the Georgia state senate in 1849 he emerged as a leader of the Democratic Party, and his influence continued after he was elected a state circuit judge in 1855.

Ku Klux Klan in the Reconstruction Era

goals included the political defeat of the Republican Party and the maintenance of absolute white supremacy in response to newly gained civil and political rights by southern blacks after the Civil War

Amos T. Akerman (1821-1880)

As attorney general he strenuously investigated and prosecuted Klan activities, and under his leadership the Klan was effectively ended.

Rufus Bullock (1834-1907)

the first Republican to be elected to Georgia's highest political office, serving as governor from 1868 to 1871.

Andersonville Prison

officially named Camp Sumter after the railroad station in neighboring Sumter County beside which the camp was located. established in Macon County, in southwest Georgia, to provide relief for the large number of Union prisoners concentrated in and around Richmond, Virginia.

Secession

seriously mentioned as a political option at least as far back as the Missouri crisis of 1819-21, and threats to disrupt the Union occurred in every sectional crisis from the nullification era (1828-33) onward.

Reconstruction in Georgia

Georgia's Historic Capitals

Savannah (1777), Augusta (1785), Louisville (1795), Milledgeville (1806), Atlanta (1877)

Henry W. Grady (1850-1889)

the "Spokesman of the New South," served as managing editor for the Atlanta Constitution in the 1880s.

Atlanta Race Riot of 1906

white mobs killed dozens of blacks, wounded scores of others, and inflicted considerable property damage. Local newspaper reports of alleged assaults by black males on white females were the catalyst for the riot, but a number of underlying causes lay behind the outbreak of the mob violence.

Thomas E. Watson (1856-1922)

In his early years he was characterized as a liberal, especially for his time. In later years he emerged as a force for white supremacy and anti-Catholic rhetoric. He was elected to the Georgia General Assembly (1882), the U.S. House of Representatives (1890), and the U.S. Senate (1920), where he served for only a short time before his death. Nominated by the Populist Party as its vice presidential candidate in 1896, he achieved national recognition for his egalitarian, agrarian agenda.

John B. Gordon (1832-1904)

enhanced his own reputation as a soldier by publishing his highly successful memoir, Reminiscences of the Civil War, in 1903. formed 1/3rd of the so-called Bourbon Triumvirate, which dominated Georgia politics for nearly a quarter of a century.

In April 1868, voters elected a new governor, members of the General Assembly, and accepted the new constitution. The Democratic candidate for governor was Civil War hero

an outspoken opponent of Radical Reconstruction and the alleged leader of the Ku Klux Klan in Georgia.

Rebecca Latimer Felton (1835-1930)

A writer and tireless campaigner for Progressive Era reforms, especially women's rights, she was the first woman to serve in the U.S. Senate.

Atlanta Compromise Speech

On September 18, 1895, the African American educator and leader Booker T. Washington delivered this famous speech at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta. Considered the definitive statement of what Washington termed the "accommodationist" strategy of black response to southern racial tensions, it is widely regarded as one of the most significant speeches in American history.

Lynching

efers to the illegal killing of a person by a group of others. It does not refer to the method of killing.

County Unit System

established in 1917 when the Georgia legislature, overwhelmingly dominated by the Democratic Party, passed the Neill Primary Act. the system, with little regard for population differences, allowed rural counties to control Georgia elections by minimizing the impact of the growing urban centers, particularly Atlanta.

Hoke Smith (1855-1931)

a trial attorney and publisher of the Atlanta Journal, was most influential as the leader of Georgia's Progressive movement during his years as governor (1907-9, 1911) and as a U.S. senator (1911-21). used his growing wealth to purchase the Atlanta Journal in 1887

Progressive Era

a period of varied reforms that took place throughout the United States over the first two decades of the twentieth century. While much of that change was enacted by the U.S. Congress under the leadership of three consecutive presidents—Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson—it was also a movement that generated a variety of changes at the state and local levels as well including prohibition, woman suffrage, the regulation of child labor, campaigns to abolish the convict lease system and reform the penal system, and expansion of educational opportunities and social services for marginalized groups.

Woman Suffrage

Even though the Nineteenth Amendment, known as the Susan B. Anthony Amendment, became federal law on August 26, 1920, Georgia women could not vote until 1922. In fact, the amendment was not officially ratified and approved by the state legislature until 1970.

Railroads

Southern, Atlantic Coast Line, Seaboard Air Line

World War II in Georgia

the war accelerated Georgia's modernization, lifting it out of the Great Depression and ushering it into the mainstream of American life.

Ku Klux Klan in the Twentieth Century

Corra Harris (1869-1935)

one of the most celebrated women from Georgia for nearly three decades in the early twentieth century. She is best known for her first novel, A Circuit Rider's Wife

Walter White (1893-1955)

served as chief secretary of the National Association for the (NAACP) from 1929 to 1955. During the twenty-five years preceding the Supreme Court's 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision, he was one of the most prominent African American figures and spokespeople in the country

Convict Lease System

sold prisoners to farmers and railway workers, also known as the chain gang

Leo Frank Case

Boll Weevil

Franklin D. Roosevelt in Georgia

After being elected as the thirty-second president of the United States in 1932, he used his new home at Warm Springs, "The Little White House," as a retreat from the rigors of leading a nation through the Great Depression

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

one of the key organizations in the American civil rights movement of the 1960s. Emerging from the student-led sit-ins to protest segregated lunch counters

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

The state branches, despite periods of instability and discontinuity, have been the most effective and consistent advocates for African American civil rights in twentieth-century Georgia

Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968)

a Baptist minister and president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), was the most prominent African American leader in the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. MIA and leader of the bus protests

W. W. Law (1923-2002)

a crusader for justice and the civil rights of African Americans. He served as president of the Savannah chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from 1950 to 1976 and came to be widely known as "Mr. Civil Rights.

Sibley Commission

Civil Rights Movement

Carpet Industry

Dalton, Georgia, became the center of production for this new industry, as the growing number of manufacturers encouraged the development of specialized machine shops

Margaret Mitchell (1900-1949)

author of Gone With the Wind

Lillian Smith (1897-1966)

Strange Fruit, Killers of the Dream, opposed the world of Jim Crow

Charlayne Hunter-Gault (b. 1942)

one of the first two African American students admitted to the University of Georgia.

Joel Chandler Harris (1845-1908)

Uncle Remus: His Songs and His Sayings—The Folklore of the Old Plantation was p

Ellis Arnall (1907-1992)

progressive GA governor; credited for restoring accreditation to GA institutions of higher education, lowering the voting age, and abolishing the poll tax

Eugene Talmadge (1884-1946)

Four time Georgia governor that fought against Roosevelt's New Deal policies.

Three Governors Controversy

In 1946, governor-elect Eugene Talmadge died, and since the state constitution did not state who would replace him, Herman Talmadge, Melvin E. Thompson, and Ellis Arnall all claimed to be governor. The Supreme Court of Georgia ruled that Thompson was the successor.

Jimmy Carter (b. 1924)

Cocking Affair

Talmadge caused the state to lose accreditation by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools

Dixiecrats

southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party.

Black Suffrage in the Twentieth Century

Howard Finster (ca. 1915-2001)

in visions of another world, paradise garden

Benny Andrews (1930-2006)

appilation red, preacher, when the saints go marching in, homage

Lester Maddox (1915-2003)

Governor of Georgia. As a restaurant owner, Maddox refused to serve African Americans.