AP exam 1 quizzes

Physiology

The study of the functions of the animal body and it's parts

Cranial

Toward the head

Rostral

Toward the nose

Caudal

Toward the tail

Dorsal

Toward the back

Ventral

Toward the belly

Medial

Toward the median plane

Lateral

Away from the median plane

Proximal

Toward the body (extremity)

Distal

Away from the body (extremity)

Palmar

Back of the forelimb distal to carpus

Plantar

Back of the hindlimb distal to Tarsus

Dorsal (extremity)

Front of the forelimb/hindlimb distal to carpus/tarsus

Transverse plane

Plane across the body that divides it into cranial and caudal parts that are not necessarily equal

Sagittal plane

Plane that runs the length of the body and divides it into left and right parts that are not necessarily equal halves

Acidic

Gastric substances that have a pH=1.5 to 3.5

Neutral

Substance that has a pH=7.0

Protons and neutrons

Nucleus of an atam is made up of these

Mitochondria

Cellular organelle that is responsible for the production of ATP for energy

Nucleus

Anatomical part of the cell that is the largest organelle, the “brains” of the cell, and functions to maintain the heredity information of the species and control cellular activities through protein synthesis

Active transport

Membrane process that requires use of ATP

Hypotonic

The proper medical terminology when there is a concentration of a solution outside the cell lower than on the inside of the cell which causes the cell to swell and possibly rupture

Epithelium, connective, muscle, nervous

Four major tissue types of the body

Stratified squamous

Type of epithelial cells classification that consists of scale-like cells that are arranged in layers

Pleura

Lining of the thoracic cavity

Peritoneum

Lining of the abdominal cavity

Osteoblasts

Cells that secrete the matrix of a bone

Calcium

Bones act as a primary storage site for this mineral

Haversian canals

Contain blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves that supply osteocytes

Diaphysis

Long shaft of a long bone

Yellow bone marrow

Consists primarily of adipose tissue

Fossa

A depressed sunken area on the surface of a bone

Foreman

A hole in a bone

Occipital bone

The most caudal external bone of the cranium

Sequence of middle ear bones from superficial to deep

Malleus, incus, stapes

Incisive bone

Face bones that houses the upper incisor teeth in a horse

Mandible

Face bone that forms the lower jaw

Vertebra with no vertebral body and 2 wings (large transverse spinous processes)

C1

Costal cartilage is found

At the ventral end of a rib

Bone in the appendicular skeleton with an olecranon process

Ulna

Bone in appendicular skeleton that has a ridge called a crest

Tibia

Carpal

Group of bones that form a joint comparable to the wrist in humans

Dewclaws

Found on the medial surface of the leg

Coffin bone

In horses, distal phalanx

Order of bones of the thoracic limb proximally to distally

Scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Obturator foramina

Found in the pelvis

Two bones that form the stifle joint

Femur and the tibia

Flexion

Decreasing the angle between two bones

Extension and flexion

Primary movements of gliding joints in four legged animals, produce movement in the carpals and tarsals

Hinge joint

Ginglymus joint such as the elbow and knee joints

Distal Sesamoid bone in horses

Navicular bone

Majority of cells found in the skin

Keratinocytes

Cells thought to aid in sense of touch

Merkel cells

Layer of epidermis most actively involved in replacing exfoliated skin cells

Basal layer

Thickest layer of epidermis

Horny layer, corny layer

Important in the perception of touch

Pacinian corpuscles

Layer of skin that allows it to move freely over underlying bone without tearing

Hypodermis

Layer of skin that is the thickest on a footpad

Stratum corneum

Ergots

Dark, horny structures found buried in the long, caudal hairs of equine fetlocks

A Species that has a planum nasolabial

Equine

Guard hair

Primary hair

Infraorbital, inter digital, and inguinal pouches found in this species

Ovine

Cuticle

Outermost layer of hair

As animal ages and hair turns white the medulla becomes filled with

Air

Sebum

White, semi liquid released by sebaceous glands

Species that sebum eventually becomes lanolin

Ovine

A sudoriferous gland

Sweat gland

Tail gland is located on what surface of the tail

Dorsal

What animal can retract its claws

Cat

Horns emerge from the horn processes of the

Frontal bones

Horns are composed of

Keratin

Striated involuntary muscle function

Ventricular contraction

Striated voluntary muscle function

Locomotion

Smooth voluntary muscle function

Peristalsis

Linea alba

Most prominent aponeuroses that runs lengthwise between the muscles on the animals midline

Site of the muscle that is more stable

Origin

Site of the muscle that undergoes the most movement

Insertion

Agonist

Muscle or muscle group that directly produces an action

Synergist

A muscle that contracts at the same time as the agonist and assists it in carrying out it's function

Cutaneous muscles

A horses skin twitching when a fly lands on its back example

Main inspiratory muscles are

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

Sarcomere

Basic contracting unit of skeletal muscle

Primary protein filaments responsible for contraction

Actin and myosin

When the need for oxygen exceeds the available supply, muscles produce energy by

Anaerobic metabolism

Intercalated discs

End to end attachment sites between adjacent cardiac cells. They securely fasten the cells together and also transmit impulses from cell to cell. This allows large groups of cardiac muscle to function as a single unit

The “pace-maker” of the heart

Sinoatrial (SA) node

What muscle responds to stretching

Visceral smooth muscle

Multi unit smooth muscle is responsible for

Iris constriction

Internal abdominal oblique muscle is partially named based on

The direction the fibers run

How many heads does the triceps brachii have

3

Outermost connective layer of a muscle

Epimysium

Sympathetic nervous system has this overall effect on the heart

Cause it to beat faster with more force

The gastrocnemius muscle is located on

The pelvic limb

The latissimus dorsi is located on

Broad, triangular muscle that extends from the spinal column down to insertion on the humerus