brain and behavior exam 1

in what two ways are neurons similar to other cells?

plasma membrane, and organelles (nucleus etc)

name 3 ways that neurons are different from other cells

morphology (shape), theyre postmitotic( no more cell division), they communicate over long distances

name the parts of the neuron

a- dendrites, b-cell body (soma), c-nucleus, d- axon hillock, e-axon, f- myelin sheath, g-signal direction, h synaptic terminals, i- synapse, j- postsynaptic cell, k- presynaptic cell

name the parts of the synapse

axon terminal, vesicle, nueurotransmitters

what is this image of and what are the top and bottom pieces?

synapse; top- dendrite/ spine (presynaptic cell) bottom- (postsynaptic cell) terminals (can see vesicles and neurotransmitters)

whats a presynaptic and post synaptic cell?

presynaptic is the before the change; postsynaptic is the cell thats recieving

define a multipolar neuron

has more than two projections coming off the soma

define a bipolar neuron

has two projections coming off the soma

define a unipolar neuron

has one projection coming off the soma

whats the ganglion?

nerve clusters that help control movements

what is gray matter?

neuronal cell bodies that handle thinking and memory

what is white matter?

tissue in the brain made of a deep network of nerve fibers that connects different regions of the brain and spinal cord to let them communicate

define a nerve

axons that transmit electrical and chemical signals between the brain and body

define a nucleus

nerve cell clusters that process and relay information

define a tract

axons that connect different parts of the central nervous system

what makes up the central nervous system?

the brain and spinal cord (menigies, cerebrospinal fluid)

named the 4 lobes and what they do

frontal: movement and motor skills; executive functions (planning, problem solving)

parietal: sensory information (pain, touch, temp); spatial awareness; helps to identify objects through size, shape

occipital: visual processing center; interprets visual things like color, shape; collects visual cues to stored memories

temporary: auditory info; long term memories,

what does the corpus callosum do

it connects the left and right hemispheres

what does the central sulcus do

separates the frontal and parietal lobes

what does the cerebrum do

it deals with movement and coordination

what does the medulla do?

deals with the vital reflexes and functions

what does the pons do?

deals with REM sleep

what does the midbrain do?

knows things about where i stand in perspective

what does the thalamus do?

sends sensory (visual, audio) information to the cortex

what does the hypothalamus do?

deals with the circadian rhythm & sleep

what does the pineal gland do?

makes & release melatonin

what structures make up the brainstem?

medulla, pons, midbrain

what structures make up the hindbrain?

medulla, pons, midbrain, cerebellum

describe where the longitudinal fissure would be

on the top half of the brain splitting hemispheres

do parts of the brain with functional specificity achieve complex functions independently or through connections with other parts of the brain?

connections with other parts of the brain

define neurogenesis

cell division occurs in the walls of the developing ventricles, producing neural and glial precursor cells

define migration

new cells leave the ventricular zone to build the various parts of the brain

define differentiation

based on chemical signals and gene expression, cells become specific types of neurons of glia

define synaptogenesis

neurons begin to form connections with each other

define pruning

some neurons (especially those not well connected) go through a programmed cell death

define synapse rearrangement

some synapses are lost and others develop altering the connectivity between neurons and brain regions

define myelination

oligodendrocytes and schwann cells produce a fatty proteins around axons

what are the three layers of the meningies?

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia, mater

what fluid is in the ventricles? where else is this fluid?

cerebral spinal fuid (CSF); the subarachnoid space

what is the meninges

protective layer that covers and cushions the brain and spinal cord

what two structures are a part of the limbic system?

hippocampus and amygalda

what should be thought of when hearing “memory and emotion”?

limbic system

where is brocas area located (what lobe)

frontal; left hemi.

where is wernikes area located (what lobe)

temporal; left hemi

wheres the prefrontal cortex? what does it do?

frontal lobe; executive functions

define the basal ganglia

interconnected structures for movement, cognition, and emotion

what is the hippocampus responsible for

memory formation

what is the amygdala responsible for

emotion

what does the lateral fissure do?

separates the frontal and parietal from the temporal lobe

whats the difference between the pituitary and pineal glands

pituitary- production and release of hormones; pineal- melatonin creation

whats the medulla responsible for?

vital reflexes and functions

what are the subdivisions of the nervous system

peripheral nervous system (PNS) central nervous system (CNS)

what is the cell membrane made of?

phospholipid bilayer

how do ions pass through the membrane

protein channels

what numbers on the peak graph represent the absolute refractory period

4-6NOT SURE

what numbers on the peak graph represent the absolute refractory period

1-3NOT SURE

what value is the axon hillock at when introduced to the excitatory input during the action potential

-40mv

what value is the axon hillock at during the action potential

-65mv

whats the action potential motto?

sodium in, potassium out over and over at the nodes

What were the contributions of Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramon y Cajal to our understanding of neurons?

golgi created the golgi stain; cajal found that neurons are separate cells and not continuous

out of unipolar, multipolar and bipolar neurons, which is a somatosensory neuron and what is a motor neuron

somatosensory neurons are typically unipolar and motor neurons are multipolar

what is a ganglion?

aka the basal ganglia: group of nerve cell clusters responsible for movement, cognition and emotion

what are the two diseases that can happen when theres a loss of neruons in the basal ganglia

huntingtons and parkinsons

what are the types of glial cells and their functions

schwann cells: form the myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the PNS to regenerate damaged nerves

oligodendrocytes: wrap around CNS axons to form the myelin sheath

what does the brain barrier keep out

toxins, pathogens, chemicals etc

what does the brain barrier protect

the CNS

what are the stages of neural development needed for brain development?

neurogenesis, migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis, myelination, pruning

(making neurons, moving neurons, becoming a type of neuron, forming synapses, insulate, deleting the weak ones)

what are the 3 primary divisions of the brain

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

what major division of the brain are the cranial nerves associated with?

the brainstem

what lobes are brocas area and wernikes area in

broca: frontal werk.: temporal

what is the difference between brocas area and wernikes area

Broca's area handles speech production, while Wernicke's area handles language comprehension

what are the different layers of the meninges

dura, arachnoid, pia mater (out to in)

what does the meninges do?

it protects and supports the CNS

When the cell is at rest, which ions are most highly concentrated inside of the cell, and which ones are most highly concentrated outside of the cell?

inside: A-, K+; outside: Na+, Cl-

How is the membrane potential maintained?

sodium potassium pump- moves sodium out and potassium in the cell

define the forces working on the ions (electrical gradient and concentration gradient)

concen. gradient: diffusion ( ions move from high to low concentration)

elect. gradient: opposite charges attract

explain what a voltage-gated channel does

when the electrical charge inside a cell changes (called depolarization), parts of the protein shift. This shift opens a tiny pore, letting specific ions flow quickly down their gradient to create electrical signal

When the action potential reaches the terminal, _________ enters through voltage gated channels, triggering _________.

a. calcium ; another action potential

b. calcium; neurotransmitter release

c. sodium ; another action potential

d. sodium ; neurotransmitter release

b. calcium; neurotransmitter release

What aspects of an axon increase the conduction velocity of the action potential?

a. narrow diameter

b. wide diameter

c. lots of myelin

d. little to no myelin

b. wide diameter

c. lots of myelin

What would you find at the nodes of Ranvier?

a. VG sodium channels

b. VG potassium channels

c. sodium-potassium pumps

VG sodium channels

b. VG potassium channels

c. sodium-potassium pumps

EPSPs and IPSPs are

a. all or none

b. graded

graded (their size and strength vary depending on the amount of neurotransmitter bound to the receptors and the number of ion channels that open.)

Multiple synapses are active on the same neuron at the same time. Their postsynaptic potentials add together. This is called

a. spatial summation

b. temporal summation

a. spatial summation

define temporal summation

occurs when a single synapse fires rapidly in quick succession, causing the potentials to pile on top of each other over time.

what does ISPS stand for

inhibitory input

what does ESPS stand for

excitatory input

.Action potentials begin at the _____________ and end at the _______________.

a. dendrites ; axon

b. axon hillock; axon terminal

c. axon terminal ; soma

d. axon hillock ; dendrites

b. axon hillock; axon terminal

what is a Ionotropic Receptor

a shapshifting channel

find the medulla, pons, cerebellum, midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, corpus callosum

What major division of the brain are the cranial nerves associated with?

brainstem

whats the difference between the lateral fissure, central sulcus, and longitudinal fissure

central separates frontal from parietal, lateral separates temporal from parietal and frontal, longi. separates hemispheres