Cranial Nerves & autonomic nervous system

Conversion of Numbers —> Roman Numerals

I = I, 2 = II, 3 = III, 4 = IV, 5 = V, 6 = VI, 7 = VII, 8 = VIII, 9 = IX, 10 = X, 11 = XI, 12 = XII

Olfactory Nerve

(CN I): Smell

Optic Nerve

(CN II): Vision

Oculomotor Nerve

(CN III): Eye movement, pupil constriction, accommodation, eyelid opening

Trochlear Nerve

(CN IV): Eye movement

Trigeminal Nerve

(CN V): Mastication (VII) Facial sensation (VI, VII and VIII)

Abducens Nerve

(CN VI): Eye movement

Facial Nerve

(CN VII): Facial movement, taste-anterior 2/3 of the tongue, lacrimation, salivation (submaxillary and submandibular glands)

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

(CN VIII): Hearing and balance

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

(CN IX): Taste-posterior 1/3 of the tongue, swallowing, salivation (parotid gland), monitoring carotid body and sinus

Vagus Nerve

(CN X): Taste, swallowing, palate elevation, talking, thoracoabdominal viscera

Accessory Nerve

(CN XI): Head turning, shoulder shrugging, talking

Hypoglossal Nerve

(CN XII): Tongue movements

What would happen if the Olfactory nerve (I) is damaged?

Anosmia

What would happen if the Optic nerve (II) is damaged?

Amblyopia

What would happen if the Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) is damaged?

Vertigo, Tinnitus, or hearing impairment

What would happen if the Oculomotor nerve (III) is damaged?

Diplopia, pupil mydriasis, eyelid ptosis

What would happen if the Trochlear nerve (IV) is damaged?

Hypertropia, excyclotorsion

What would happen if the Abducens nerve (VI) is damaged?

Diplopia

What would happen if the Accessory nerve (XI) is damaged?

Neck pain, asymmetrical shoulders

What would happen if the Hypoglossal nerve (XII) is damaged?

Paralysis of the tongue and dysphagia

What is the function of the Superior rectus (SR)?

Upward movement of the eye; CN III

What is the function of the Lateral rectus (LR)?

Outward movement of the eye; CN VI

What is the function of the Inferior rectus (IR)?

Downward movement of the eye; CN III

What is the function of the Medial rectus (MR)?

Inward movement of the eye; CN III

What is the function of the Superior oblique (SO)?

Downward and outward movement of the eye; CN IV

What is the function of the Inferior oblique (IO)?

Upward and outward movement of the eye; CN III

What nerves are ONLY sensory?

Olfactory nerve I, Optic nerve II, Vestibulocochlear nerve VIII

What nerves are ONLY motor?

Oculomotor nerve III, Trochlear nerve IV, Abducens nerve VI, (Spinal) Accessory nerve XI, Hypoglossal nerve XII

Name the 4 Parasympathetic Cranial Nerves:

Trigeminal nerve V, Facial nerve VII, Glossopharyngeal nerve IX, Vagus nerve X

Name the cranial nerves in order:

Olfactory nerve I, Optic nerve II, Oculomotor nerve III, Trochlear nerve IV, Trigeminal nerve V, Abducens nerve VI, Facial nerve VII, Vestibulocochlear nerve VIII, Glossopharyngeal nerve IX, Vagus nerve X, Accessory nerve XI, Hypoglossal nerve XII

Anosmia is the inability to ______ and results from damage to CN _______.

Smell; I

Damage to the _______ nerve will result in the inability to move the muscles of facial expression.

Facial nerve

Which of the following cranial nerve is responsible for shrugging the shoulder and head turning?

Spinal accessory

Taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is mediated by the ______

Facial nerve

Taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is mediated by the ______

Glossopharyngeal nerve

All of the following cranial nerves are motor in function EXCEPT the

1.) oculomotor

2.) olfactory

3.) accessory

4.) trochlear

5.) abducens

Olfactory

A kiss on the check would be perceived by impulses from the _____

Trigeminal nerve

Which of the following cranial nerves convey information regarding balance?

Vestibulocochlear nerve

All of the following are innervated by autonomic motor neurons EXCEPT:

1.) Skeletal muscle cells

2.) Smooth muscle cells

3.) Glands

4.) Cardiac muscle cells

Skeletal muscle cells

Norepinephrine is secreted at the

Adrenal gland

Sensory is the primary function for all of the following nerves EXCEPT the

1.) hypoglossal

2.) olfactory

3.) optic nerve

4.) vestibulocochlear

Hypoglossal

All of the following cranial nerves are associated with taste EXCEPT

1.) CN V

2.) CN IX

3.) CN X

4.) CN VII

CN V

Which cranial nerves is associated with balance?

Vestibulocochlear nerve CN VIII

Which nerve is responsible for movements of the tongue?

Hypoglossal CN XII

Which cranial nerves are associated with the movements of the eye?

Oculomotor CN III, Trochlear CN IV, Abducens CN VI

Audition and vestibular functions are associated with which lobe of the brain?

Temporal

Motor is the primary function for all of the following cranial nerves EXCEPT the

1.) oculomotor

2.) accessory

3.) trochlear

4.) abducens

5.) vestibulocochlear

Vestibulocochlear

All of the following are branches of the trigeminal nerve EXCEPT

1.) maxillary

2.) ophthalmic

3.) greater petrosal

4.) Mandibular

greater petrosal

The nerve commonly called the vagus nerve is the

Tenth cranial

Name the branch of CN III

Superior and inferior division

Name the branch of CN VI-Ophthalmic

Frontal, lacrimal, nasociliary

Name the branch of CN VIII- Mandibular

Muscular branches to the muscle of mastication, Tensor tympani, Tensor veli palatini, Mylohyoid, Auriculotemporal

Name the branch of CN IX

Tympanic nerve, Lesser petrosal nerve, Nerves to carotid sinus and body

Name the branch of CN VII

Motor root, Greater petrosal, Chorda tympani

Name the branch of CN X

Internal Laryngeal nerve, External Laryngeal nerve, Recurrent Laryngeal nerve

Autonomic Nervous system functions and regulates…..

Smooth muscles, heart, and glands automatically, keeping the body balanced and handling emergencies, with the hypothalamus as the main control center.

Preganglionic neuroni are

Located in the brain stem and spinal cord, myelinated, synapse with postganglionic cells

Postganglionic neurons (sympathetic ganglia have interneurons) are

unmyelinated axons and innervates the visceral effectors (smooth and cardiac muscles and glands)

The autonomic output is controlled by the

Hypothalamus

The neurotransmitter Preganglionic fibers releases

Acetylcholine (ACh)

the neurotransmitter Postganglionic fibers releases

Norepinephrine (NE)

Dopamine effects

movement, memory and pleasurable reward and motivation.

Nitric oxide relaxes

smooth muscle, especially in blood vessels

Which cranial nerve is associated with the ciliary ganglion for the pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscle?

CN III (Oculomotor nerve)

Which cranial nerve involves the pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia for the lacrimal and salivary glands?

CN VII (Facial nerve)

Which cranial nerve connects with the otic ganglion for the parotid gland?

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve)

Which cranial nerve has terminal ganglia for the thoracic and abdominal viscera?

CN X (Vagus nerve)

Where does the cranial division of the parasympathetic nervous system originate?

brain stem and sacral spinal cord.

What neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic fibers in the cranial division of the parasympathetic nervous system near target cells?

Acetylcholine (ACh)

What muscles are innervated by the cranial division of the parasympathetic nervous system for pupillary constriction and lens accommodation?

pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscles.

Where do preganglionic neurons in the sacral division project to?

The pelvic viscera

What effects does the sacral division have on the muscular parts and internal sphincters?

It causes contraction of muscular parts and relaxation of internal sphincters.

What physiological functions are controlled by the sacral division in terms of sexual response?

Erection, Lubrication, Orgasm

Which division of the nervous system mediates ejaculation?

Sympathetic fibers.

Where do the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system originate and exit?

They originate from the T1-L2 segments and exit via the ventral roots.

Through which structure do the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system travel?

They travel through the white communicating rami

Where do the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system synapse?

In the prevertebral or prevertebral ganglia.

What is the characteristic of the preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system that allows for rapid conduction?

Myelinated fibers.

What is the structure of the paravertebral ganglia in the sympathetic nervous system?

They are symmetric chains along the vertebral column.

What type of fibers are the postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system and what do they supply?

They are unmyelinated and long fibers that supply somatic and cardiac efferents.

How do the cervical ganglia contribute to the sympathetic nervous system?

They have superior, middle, and inferior ganglia that innervate structures in the head, neck, and upper thorax, contributing to diverse autonomic functions.

Sympathetic System

Responsible for 'fight or flight' response, energy production, embarrassment, exercise, excitement, and emergency activities.

Parasympathetic System

Responsible for 'rest and digest' response, digestion, diuretic function, defecation, and decreasing heart and respiratory rates.

Thoracolumbar

Referring to the region of the spinal cord from T1 to L2 associated with the sympathetic system

In the sympathetic system autonomic ganglia is

Sympathetic chain ganglia and travels with spinal nerves.

In the parasympathetic system autonomic ganglia is

Terminal ganglia.

Craniosacral

Referring to the regions of the cranium (CN III, VII, IX, X) and sacrum (S2-S4) associated with the parasympathetic system.

Pelvic Nerve

Part of the parasympathetic system, it originates from spinal nerves S2-S4 and leads to intramural ganglia.

Alpha and beta receptors are components of the

Sympathetic system

All preganglionic autonomic fibers release _____ at their synaptic terminals, and the effects are always _____

acetylcholine, excitatory

The parasympathetic system is also termed the _______ division.

craniosacral

For the sympathetic division of the ANS, the neurotransmitter released at the neuroeffector junction is

Norepinephrine

In a “fight-or-flight” situation, which of the following physiological changes may be experienced?

1.) all the responses listed are appropriate during a sympathetic response

2.) dilation of the respiratory airways

3.) dilation of peripheral blood vessels and in skeletal muscles

4.) increased sweating

all the responses listed are appropriate during a sympathetic response

A student is about to take a final exam. One hour prior to the exam, the student experiences jitters, an elevated heart rate, an increase in blood pressure, increased respiration, cold sweats, and cold feet and hands. The symptoms are a result of

Sympathetic activation

All of the following cranial nerves convey parasympathetic fibers to effectors EXCEPT:

1.) oculomotor

2.) hypoglossal

3.) facial

4.) glossopharyngeal

hypoglossal

which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is INCORRECT

1.) pre-ganglionic neurons are located in the brain stem and sacral region of the spinal cord

2.) pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neurons release only acetylcholine

3.) the effects of the parasympathetic division are more specific and localized than those of the sympathetic division

4.) post-ganglionic neurons are located in ganglia within or adjacent to effectors

5.) pre-ganglionic fibers are myelinated and short while post-ganglionic fibers are long

pre-ganglionic fibers are myelinated and short while post-ganglionic fibers are long

All of the following are examples of parasympathetic discharge EXCEPT

1.) relaxation of the sphincters of the digestive tract

2.) contraction of the urinary bladder

3.) increased salivation

4.) increased heart rate

increased heart rate

Norepinephrine is secreted at

most sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings

muscarinic receptors are found at myoneural and neuroglandular junctions and

are activated by acetylcholine release