MicroBiology U1

Microbiology

The study of organisms and agents too small to be seen with the untrained eye

Microorganism types

Prions, viruses, bacteria, fungi, Protozoa, and algae

Pathogenic microbe

Disease-producing organism

Microbes can _________ organic waste

Decompose

Microbes can _____ ________

Generate oxygen

Chemical products microbes can produce

Ethanol, acetone, and vitamins

Microbes can produce fermented foods like

Vinegar, cheese, and bread

microbes can help produce products in manufacturing like

Cellulase

Microbes can help produce products in disease treatment like

Insulin

Vitamin K is made by

E. coli

bacteria can produce insulin and dye and other things through

DNA modification

Knowledge of microorganisms allows humans to

Prevent food spoilage, prevent disease, and understand causes and transmission of disease to prevent epidemics

_____ _________ established the system of scientific nomenclature

Carolus Linnaeus

When was scientific nomenclature invented

1735

Scientific names are

Italicized or underlined

The genus in nomenclature is

Capitalized

Scientific names are ______ and used worldwide

Latinized

Scientific names may be _______ or _________

Descriptive; honor a scientist

Scientific names may be abbreviated with the FIRST letter of the _____ and the specific _____

Genus; epithet

Prokaryotes

Stands for pre-nucleus

Prokaryotes are ____-celled

Single

Prokaryotes have _____________ cell walls

Peptidoglycan

Prokaryotes divide via ______ fission

Binary

Prokaryotes derive nutrition from _______________________ or ______________

organic or inorganic chemicals; photosynthesis

Archaea are __________ organisms

Prokaryote

Archaea lack _________________

Peptidoglycan cell walls

Archaea often live in ________ environments

Extreme

Archaea organisms include

Methanogens, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles

Fungi is a __________ organism

Eukaryote

Fungi have _________ cell walls

Chitin

Fungi absorb _______ for energy

Organic chemicals

Halophile

Loves salt

Yeasts are ___-cellular

Uni

Molds and mushrooms are ______-cellular

Multi

Protozoa are _________ organisms

Eukaryote

Protozoa absorb or ingest _____

Organic chemicals

Protozoa are known to be ____

Motile (mobile)

Protozoa may contain

Pseudopods, cilia, or flagella

Algae are _____ organisms

Eukaryotic

Algae contain ______ cell walls

Cellulose

Algae use _________ for energy

Photosynthesis

Algae produce ______

Oxygen and carbohydrates

Viruses are ______ organisms

Acellular

Viruses consist of _____ core

DNA or RNA

the core of a Virus is surrounded by _____

A protein coat

Viruses only replicate when

They are in a living host cell

Viruses are _____ outside of living hosts

Inert

Helminths

Flatworms and roundworms

What does rhizobium help due (mutualistic relationship)

Uptakes Nitrogen (N2) that the plant cant take in

What is an Aliivibrio fischeris relationship with Squid

Prevents predation, squid gives it nutrients

Who invented the first microscope

Ludwig van leuntenhook

Spontaneous generation

Living organisms can develop from non living matter

Pasteur proves spontaneous generation by the ____________ experiment

Swan necked flask

Did miller-Urey prove origin of life/abiogensis

Did not produce protein nor cell, did not prove abiogenesis

Germ Theory

Microbes caused disease (not accepted widely til late 1800s)

“Father” of germ theory

Luis Pasteur (Koch and Lister helped a lot)

Developed the concept of antiseptic surgery, heat sterilization

Joseph lister

Established the relationship between anthrax and Bacillus anthrax.

Robert Koch

Koch’s postulates 1.

Microbe must be present in every case of the disease but not in the healthy animal

Koch’s postulates 2.

Suspected microbe must be isolated and grown in pure culture

Koch’s postulates 3

Same disease must result when pure culture inoculated into healthy host

Koch’s postulates 4

Same microbe isolated from infected host

Attenuated

Cultures that were no longer able to cause disease

Vaccination

The idea of injecting attenuated strains to protect healthy animals/humans

Von Behring and Kitasatao

Responsible for creating antitoxin

Diphtheria, yellow fever, malaria

Infections of microorganisms

Alexander Flemming

Discovered penicillin/antibiotics accidentally in 1929

Penicillin

1st antibiotic

Rosalind Franklin

Discovered DNA in 1962

Watson and Crick

Proposed model of DNA

Werner Arber and Hamilton Smith

Proposed Restriction endonucleases

David Jackson, Robert Simon’s, and Paul berg

Proposed the idea of recombinant DNA

Frederick Sanger

Proposed the recombinant of nucleotides in DNA

Bacillus Anthracis

Gram positive endosperm forming microorganism; causes anthrax

Anthrax

Animal disease identified by Robert Koch, in three forms, toxin components carried on plasmid

3 types of anthrax

(95%) Cutaneous, pulmonary, gastrointestinal

Cutaneous anthrax

Black ulcer, spore penetration 2-5 days later, rarely fatal

Pulmonary anthrax

Begins with cold/flu symptoms, respiratory infection, 92% mortality, down to 42% if treated early

Gastrointestinal anthrax

Caused by eating undercooked meat from an infected animal, causes nausea, appetite loss, stomach pain, diarrhea

Anthrax treatment

Antibiotics, usually 60 day course, if caught early possible to use vaccine

Mordant

Helps seal die into cell wall during staining