Midterm all correct answers

Which is a correct statement about the critical equations?

1. From our Eq. 4, an increase in pressure will typically occur due to a decrease in the system’s volume.

2. Our Eq. 3 in the rightward direction causes the blood’s pH to decrease

1. After the first early lecture, your new Phys Priend ate a large breakfast and drank a very sugary beverage. Consequently, you correctly realized that their morning’s blood glucose levels

1. Will be detected by a receptor and sent via the afferent pathway to the integrator.

2. Are not determined based on circadian biorhythm

Our Columbus Blue Jackets (ice hockey) seem to play better when there is a full moon. Hearing of this trend, you correctly realize that it could be due to a(n) ____ with a lunar __

Biorhythm - period

1. According to Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy, judging and defending are examples of

Evaluating

1. As a sugar bowl mascot challenge, Brutus Buckeye ate a pound of sugar. AFterwards, the football team’s doctor, Dr. Ohio was concerned about Brutus who seemed disoriented. Dr. Ohio diagnosed him with hyperglycemia and wrote a script for insulin which will result in ____ feedback and Brutus ____.

Negative - regaining steady state

Negative - moving opposite of the disturbance

1. Like humans, black bears (seen in eastern Ohio) maintain a consistent internal body temperature. However, unlike humans, they also hibernate during the winter at a lower body temperature than the rest of the year. These body temperature changes in black bears are an example of ____ with _____ period

A biorhythm- an annual

Based on Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy, assembling is a type of ___ and repeating information is a type of ____

Creating - remembering

Carmen canvas is an industrious phellow phys student whose resolution was to increase water intake. Consequently, they started drinking an additional liter of water each day. They have noticed that they are now making more trips to the bathroom to urinate. They correctly realized that 

1. Their increased urination is an attempt to maintain homeostasis

2. They are not acclimatizing to a different set point

For regulation utilized by homeostatic control systems, biorhythms are mainly based on ____ and acclimatization are ___ reversible

Feedforward - mostly

While listening to a student explain intracellular communication in the party room, Phys Phab Grant was pleased that they correctly included that 

1. Gap junctions have more size limited communication than tunneling nanotubes.

2. Neither statement is correct (paracrines always have the cells touching for communication to occur + tunneling nanotubes have more size limited communication than gap junctions)

Which is a correct statement about regulation of homeostatic control systems?

Negative feedback is the most common response seen in human bodies

Dr. Scarlet’s Patient X is an avid Ohio hiker; however, when recently hiking the steep inclines and high altitudes of the Colorado Rockies, patient X was easily winded. Concerned about their health, they asked Dr. Scarlet if they needed lung tests. Dr. S correctly stated that more hiking in the Rockies would

Cause acclimatization to occur

1. This assessment is nearly over so you expand your lungs with a large inhale. You correctly realize that

1. Neither statement is correct (pressure in lungs increasing + new oxygen used by Eq. 1)

2. Both statements are correct (pressure in your lungs is decreasing + the new oxygen will be used in our Eq. 2)

Based on our figure 2, which is the correct statement about plasma growth hormone?

Neither statement is correct (its period is nocturnal, unlike body temp + its amplitude is very similar to plasma cortisol)

1. Which is a correct statement about homeostasis?

`It is also known as dynamic constancy

Both statements are correct (known as dynamic constancy + energy is required to maintain steady state.)`

1. While working in the Party room, Phys Phab Sarah heard a student correctly explain to their new phys phriend, that, to communicate, ____ move in the extracellular fluid and ___ move in the plasma 

Neurotransmitters- endocrines

1. While in chemistry lab, carmen canvas your phellow Phys student was tasked with adding 5 gm of salt into a beaker of pure water. Recalling their recent physiology, Carmen correctly stated that the salt consists of ____ bonds which, in this beaker, are not as strong as ___ and weaker than ____. 
   

1. Ionic – hydrogen interactions – hydrophobic bonds (both are right) 

   
   

1. A cell in the skin divides into two daughter cells. Which is a correct statement about these two new cells? 

1. They have identical genomes 

2. Their surrounding extracellular matrix will influence their lipidome

While zooming to lecture on her skateboard, UGTA Scott flew past a raccoon. Knowing that they can sometimes be infected with the rabies virus, she recalled that the rabies causes those infected to be afraid of water. Consequently, she correctly realized that a rabid raccoon would act like a ___ compound and, in a plasma membrane, associated with the ___ region(s)

1. Lipophilic – tail 

1. Brutus buckeye is starting to feel unwell. To keep hydrated, he pours himself an overfilled glass of water. (i.e., water above rim level). Recalling his physiology, he correctly states that 

1. His free radical levels will be increasing 

2. He should now avoid ingesting antidioxidants

Which is a correct explanation of how specialization is different from differentiation?

Specialization is actually the same as differentation

1. While in a packed review session, a phys phriend whispers a secret to you; however, another student was able to hear the secret. You correctly realize that the overhearing made this message most similar to 

Paracrine

Which is a correct statement about the plasma membrane?

It is mainly held together by noncovalent bonds

1. Which is a correct statement about the body’s fluid compartments? 

The majority of the fluid is within cells

1. Which is a correct statement about indirect communicators? 

1. Both statements are correct (only paracrines and neurotransmitters travel via that mid-sized fluid compartment & only endocrines are able to overcome the limitations of cell diffusion) 

2. Only paracrines and neurotransmitters travel via the mid-sized fluid compartment (not all three can overcome the limitations of diffusion)

1. Dr. May Zen Blu releases a vapor on the Oval that causes Buckeyes to increase free radical production. Which is a correct statement about this scenario? 

1. Both statements are correct (the impacted Buckeyes should be given vitamin A & some of the Buckeyes could benefit from this vapor)

2. Neither statement is correct (the impacted buckeyes should be given the superoxide anion + none of the buckeyes could benefit from this vapor)

1. In a biochemistry lab, you are asked to pour a beaker filled with phospholipids into a beaker containing a liquid. You correctly realize that the phospholipids in this liquid

1. neither statement is correct (will never form balls with their heads on the inside and tails on the outside + will definitely form a lipid bilayer, like a plasma membrane)

2. Both are correct (might form balls with their heads on the inside and tails on the outside + might form a lipid bilayer, like a plasma membrane)

1.  Which is a correct statement about the indirect cellular communication?

1. neither statement is correct (neurons can only use neurotransmitters + juxtacrines are sometimes utilized)

1. Dr. Scarlet's Patient X has a body area that has no extracellular matrix. Dr. Scarlet correctly realizes that the cells

1. be atypically small

2. Will all be very similar to each other

Which is a correct statement about cholesterol

1. neither statement is correct (prevents vesicle formation + decreases the discrimination of the membrane)

Which is a correct statement about the structure of the plasma membrane?

Its integral proteins are sometimes transmembrane

1. In chem lab, you are handed a 2 L bottle of a solution of 2 mol NaCl, 2 mol Mg2+, 1 mol glucose and 3 mol NADH. In your celebration of correctly calculating the osmolarity, you accidentally spill half of the bottle (i.e., now only 1 L is left). What is the osmolarity of the solution you hand back to your TA? 

5 osm

1. Dr. Gray is cultivating a dangerous bacteria in a well-controlled environment that has no oxygen present. Dr. G correctly realizes that this bacteria

1. Is using only one method to make its ATP 

2. Will have some of its substrate level phosphorylation not functioning 

1. Which is a correct statement about the junctions between cells? 

1. Tight junctions are formed by claudins 

2. Both gap junctions and desmosomes allow extracellular fluid flow 

1. Which is a correct statement about metabolic pathways? 

1. More ATPs are generated due to oxidative than substrate level phosphorylation 

1. Your phellow phys student Carmen Canvas imagines themself as a small, lipophilic compound that wants to enter a cell. Fantasizing that this movement can be accomplished by a train ride, Carmen would need a 

No train at all

1. Glycocalyx chains are found on the ____side of the plasma membrane and cells 

1. Outer – limit the growth of 

2. Interstitial fluid — protect

1. Dr. Scarlet is studying two plasma membrane proteins. With the first one, sodium is observed periodically moving through it. With the second one, potassium is continuously moving through it. Dr. S correctly realizes that the first protein is likely a ____ channel and the second protein is likely a __ channel 

Thermally-gated - leak

1. A hepatocyte (liver cell) is placed into a beaker with a very high concentration of sodium. Which is a correct statement about this scenario? 

1. Will likely decrease in size 

2. Will not have sodium entering it 

1. While suffering a head cold (i.e., nose too stuffed to be useful), brutus Buckeye is almost done with an 800 m run. Unfortunately, he is badly suffering from the impacts of lactic acid. Consequently, he correctly realizes that his __ has been directly inhibited

Electron transport chain

1. In a hallway of Hamilton Hall, you are able to view two neighboring classrooms simultaneously. One room has twice the students of the other. Since you were just focused on osmosis, you correctly use these classrooms as an analogy to state that 

1. Neither statement is correct (if the students are like potassium, then an osmotic pressure will not develop & there is an osmotic gradient present and water will move to the room with fewer students) 

2. There is an osmotic gradient present and water will move to the room with more students 

1. A red blood cell typically has about a billion O2 molecules within it. To make ATP, red blood cells 

1. Only use one method 

2. Neither statement is correct (always work aerobically + use two methods)

1. In a microanatomy lab, you are observing two connected cells. You watch paracrines move all around these cells and note that the osmolarities of the two cells are different. You correctly state in your lab report that 

1. Both statements are correct (cadherins are allowing these cells to be connected  this connection is the strongest possible way to connect these two cells) 

2. This connection is the strongest possible way to connect these two cells 

Phys phab jackie used the magic shrink ray (size setting = ion) to be outside of a cell and observe a protein associated with the plasma membrane. She correctly states that this protein

1. Must be amphipathic 

2. Neither statement is correct (is definitely transmembrane + might be amphipathic

1. While in the crowded Nationwide Arena before a Blue Jackets game, Stinger (mascot) uses his arms to get people out of his personal space. He correctly realizes that he is using his arms analogously to 

A glycocalyx

1. Which is a correct statement about when an extracellular signal binds to an integral protein?

this integral protein must be transmembrane

1. When vesicles are being created, the overall size of the cell will be ___ and the cell’s communication options are being ___

1. decreasing - decreased 

Which is a correct match of receptor type and method for decreasing its activation?

1. Intracellular - catabolizing 

2. Intracellular - eliminating plasma binding proteins

1. Your phellow phys student carmen canvas helped you with your understanding of the sodium - potassium ATPase pumps. You were correctly told that it 

1. Is initially open to the area with the higher potassium concentration 

2. Is an example of primary active transport and is a countertransporter 

3. Transports three sodiums

While we will learn about several actions of caffeine, a currently relevant action is that hit blocks the actions of a particular neurotransmitter that registers our level of tiredness. Based on this information, you have correctly realized that, in this action, caffeine is a(n)

1. Competitor

2. Antagonist

1. Dr. Gray is viewing the neuron’s in Patient Y’s spine. Finding no problems, the view shows 

1. Myelin on different axons being created by a single source 

2. Oligodendrocytes creating myelin

3. Dendrites only coming off the neuronal cell bodies

1. Brutus buckeye has become obsessed with super, sweet, delicious strawberries and ate about a gallon of them for breakfast this morning. One of his cardiac cells (aka heart muscle cell) at first saw a rise in its availability of cytosolic glucose but then increasing stopped. Based on transportation, brutus correctly realized that 

1. His glucose transporters have become saturated 

2. His numbers of present carrier-mediated transporters did not change 

1. Which is a correct statement about transport across the plasma membrane? 

1. The sodium-glucose transporters are an example of active transport 

2. The sodium-potassium-ATPase pump moves more sodiums than potassiums

1. When considering active transport types with your phys phriends in the party room, you correctly state that _____type(s) bind(s) the transporter(s) and __type(s) directly use(s) ATP 

Both-only 1

1. Which is a correct statement about the stadium-glucose transporter

1. Both statements are correct (when glucose binds, the transporter reorients to the intracellular fluid side & it will shut down when ATP is not available to its cell) 

2. Neither (when glucose binds, the transporter reorients to the extracellular fluid side + it will shut down only when atp is not available to its cell

1. Which is a correct statement about the nervous system

1. It has sensory information and action generation as a part of its peripheral nervous system 

2. Neither ( its communication function is dependent on differences in temperature + it has sensory information but not action generation as a part of its pns)

1. Dr. Scarlet’s patient X has ingested a toxin that binds to sodium in the extracellular fluid. Dr. Scarlet correctly realizes that patient X will

1. Not have functional sodium-glucose transporters 

2. Neither statement is correct (not have functional sodium-potassium-ATPase pumps + not have functional glucose transporters)

3. Have fully functional sodium-potassium-ATPase pumps

In a microanatomy lab, you are observing two communicating cells. You correctly realized that communication has occurred when the receiving cell

Both statements are correct (becomes a hepatocyte & makes more insulin receptors

1. Phys phab grace poured a packet of stevia (artificial sweetener) into her morning coffee. She correctly realized that Stevia 

1. Is an agonist for glucose receptors 

2. Both (is an agonist for glucose receptors + binds to membrane bound receptors)

1. Phys phab caley used the magic shrink ray (size setting = cell) to be outside of a neuron and watches as myelin is created by one cell in only one section of the neuron’s axon. She correctly realizes that 

1. Both statements are correct (she is in the peripheral nervous system & she is watching a Schwann cell do its job) 

2. She is in the peripheral nervous system

1. Which is a correct statement about the potentials associated with cells?

1. Only excitable cells can experience an action potential

2. The membrane potential is the voltage difference across the plasma membrane

1. Which is a correct statement about the events of an action potential?

1. The absolute value of the impact of potassium is greater than that of sodium

2. The cells sodium influx causes depolarization

1. At the start of lecture at the College of Medicine, Dr. Scarlet has the students to correctly recall what they already know about the three types of neurons. One statement was that

1. Interneurons are never found in the peripheral nervous system

2. There are significantly more efferents than afferents

3. Afferent neurons are considered atypical because they have no dendrites

1. Along a myelinated axon, the size of the signal being electrically transmitted ___ decrease at times and graded potentials will occur ___

Will - all along the axon

1. In their animal behavior course, your phellow phys student Carmen Canvas observed birds pecking each other. The first bird was being pecked by many other birds. A second bird was being pecked repeatedly by a third bird. Turning this behavior into physiology analogy, Carmen correctly translated that the first bird was experiencing ___ summation and the second bird was experiencing ___ summation

spatial - temporal

1. In a typical cell and for potassium, the chemical gradient is in the ___ direction as electrical gradient when the cell is at ___

1. Opposite - rest

2. Same - the peak of an action potential

1. Which is the correct action that could cause an action potential to occur?

1. All of the cations are removed from interstitial fluid

2. Enough potassium enter the cell to have the  threshold potential reached

3. The membrane potential is increased to nearly 0 mV

1. IPSPs cause a ___ and ___ the likelihood of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell.

1. Hyperpolarization - decrease

1. A typical cell is hyperpolarized. Therefore, on average, there is a ___ amount of ___ on the ___ of the cell

1. Lesser - cations - inside

2. Greater - cations outside

1. Which is a correct statement about action potentials?

1. All three statements are correct (they never occur in myelinated sections of an axon, lidocaine prevents them by blocking the flow of sodium, their amplitude is independent of the size of the original gradient)

2. Their amplitude is independent of the size of the original graded potential

1. Which is a correct statement about neurons?

1. Both are correct (efferents can be activated without an afferent being activated first + efferents can both receive and send signals)

2. Efferents can be activated without an afferent being activated first

1. While Brutus Buckeye and his fellow Big Ten mascot were setting up a huge domino display (like the video posted in Carmen Discussion), he correctly realized that the falling dominoes would

1. Neither (be individual all-or nothing events but are not stereotyped + not be able to be completed if the number of dominoes was double

2. Both (be individual all-or-nothing events that are stereotyped + be able to be completed even if the number of dominoes is double

When explaining saltatory conduction, Dr. Fizz E. Oh correctly states that

1. The name is not due to the importance of sodium and its existence in salt

2. Neither ( the name is due to the importance of sodium and its existence in salt + is more properly compared to a frog jumping between rocks than a dolphin jumping out of water

Dr. Gray’s Patient Y has their Schwann cells creating myelin half the length of typical myelin. Consequently, Dr. G correctly expects this patient to have

1. A greater number of nodes of Ranvier

2. Both ( a greater number of nodes of ranvier + increased times to register stimulus change)

1. In the Party Room, Phys Phab Zaid got overwhelmed because multiple students were asking him their questions simultaneously. To calm himself down, he correctly realized that this situation

1. Was analogous to convergence

1. Which is a correct statement about the thalamus?

1. It is a major relay station for both movement actions and sensory input

2. It is half of the diencephalon with the hypothalamus as the other part 

Phys Phabs Nora and Emily were walking along High Street. Nora watched Emily neatly balance walking along a narrow piece of pipe in front of a business only to jump off and cover her ears when a car suddenly honked next to them. They both then currently noted that her pipe work was being controlled by her ___ and her reaction to the honk occurred due to her ____

1. Cerebellum - forebrain

2. Cerebellum - thalamus

1. While working in the Party Room, you correctly realized that a comparison of terminology could be made since ____ is similar to specificity like ___ is similar to  affinity.

Modality - adequacy

1. Which is a correct statement about the central nervous system?

1. A group of cell bodies has the same name in both the brain and the spinal cord

2. The cerebrum but not the spinal cord has its white matter on the inside 

While studying at the library, the fire alarm went off and a smokey smell was present. While walking down the stairs to the nearest exit, Brutus Buckeye was very concerned but correctly realized that

1. His adrenal medulla was releasing endocrines

2. His postganglionic neurons were not releasing acetylcholine 

1. After a fall, Dr. Scarlet’s Patient X is having difficulty moving their toes. Consequently, Dr. S is correctly concerned that Patient X might have damage to their ___ nervous system that could be located on the ___ side of their spine

Somatic-Ventral

1. Although walking within a marked crosswalk, Phys Phab Isa only missed being hit by a car by inches. Although thoroughly shaken by the event, she correctly realized that, as she calmly continued her walk,

1. None of her preganglionic synapses had a biogenic amine neurotransmitter present

1. Which is a correct statement about the efferent nervous system?

1. Its autonomic innervates cardiac muscle.

2. Its sympathetic has ganglia near the spine

1. Which set is correctly ordered from oldest to newest in the historical order

1. Brainstem - cerebellum - diencephalon

2. Brainstem - cerebellum - thalamus

1. Dr. Gray’s patient Y was born with all of their preganglionic axons being of identical length. Consequently, Dr. Gray correctly knows that Patient Y has sympathetic preganglionic neurons ___ activating parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

sometimes

Your phellow Phys student Carmen Canvas has calcium levels impacted by hypocalcemia. Consequently, you correctly realize that

1. Both the efferent and afferent portions of their reflex template will be impacted

Many COVID-19 victims lost their sense of taste temporarily. Consequently, these individuals had their

1. Chemoreceptors impacted

2. Modality impacted

1. Dr. May Zen Blue has created a toxin that destroys acetylcholinesterase. Therefore, BuckeyeNation victims might experience

1. Both statements are true (Increased activation of nearby synapses + longer duration of responses)

1. Dr. Gray’s patient Y presents with breathing and swallowing deficiencies after a head injury. Consequently, Dr. G correctly expects the patient to have damaged

1. Neither statement (their thalamus + multiple brain parts)

2. Both statements (their brainstem + only one brain part)

1. Which is a correct statement about neurotransmitters?

1. some amino acids can cause hyperpolarizations in the postsynaptic cell.

2. Neither statement (some amino acids can cause hyperpolarizations in the presynaptic cell + neuropeptides are never found in the smallest fluid compartment)

After waking up thirsty about 0100, Phys Phab Caley went to her bathroom sink to get a glass of water but without turning on any lights along the way. Which is a correct statement about the photoreceptor type that she was utilizing the most during this trip to the bathroom? It is the type

1. That utilizes the second receptor design.

2. That is the best at distinguishing shades of gray

Which is a correct statement about gustation

1. The tongue’s surface area is increased to maximize the number of receptors.

2. A typical human has about 10,000 receptors on the tongue from one of five (or six) primary types.

Which is a correct statement about the coding of location?

1. Both afferent and efferent neurons can limit the CNS from receiving information

2. Lateral inhibition is due to the second job of the afferent neurons.

3. Larger receptive fields are problematic since they register many stimuli as only one. 

1. Dr. May Zen Blue has developed a toxin that causes all stones to be dissolved. Consequently, BuckeyeNation victims of this toxin will have their ___ impacted and have difficulty determining their ___.

1. Utricle- acceleration relative to gravity

2. Vestibular system – acceleration relative to gravity

3. Otolith organs- direction of movement 

1. Light entering the human eye will always contact the ___ before contacting the ___

1. Afferents - rods

2. Cornea - retina

3. Lens- cones

1. Dr. Scarlet’s Patient X is unable to say definitively without looking whether they are wearing socks or not. Consequently, Dr. S is correctly ___ since the lack of sensation is most likely caused by ___.

1. Not too concerned - inhibitory efferents

1. Your phellow Phys student Carmen Canvas correctly pointed out to you that stereocilia have the ___ for sound but not the ___ to hear very high pitched dog whistles.

1. Modality - adequacy

1. When a strong stimulus change is detected, that information is coded as ___ action potentials and results in ___ neurotransmitter release.

1. More - increased

1. Stereocilia are a type of ___ and ___ are involved in hearing

1. Mechanoreceptor - some

1. After decades in college, Brutus buckeye finally enjoys the taste of unsweetened coffee even though his first taste back in the 70s made him want to spit it out. Which is a correct statement about this scenario?

1. His sweet receptors have not been impacted

2. Neither statement is correct (his bitter receptors are no longer functional + his sweet receptors have been impacted)