functional human anatomy exam 1

Rutgers University, based off of Rudy's exam 1 study guide

anatomy

structural organization of the body at different levels; knowing spatial relationships; relating anatomy to clinical applications

microscopic anatomy

structures of the body that require a microscope to see

gross anatomy

structures internally + externally that can be seen with the naked eye

cytology

study of the structure and function of cells

histology

study of biological tissues

surface anatomy, regional anatomy, systemic anatomy

the 3 types of gross anatomy

surface anatomy

structures of the body you can see/feel from the outside (palpable)

• knowing the presence of these feature allows you to estimate the location of nonviable structures

• often bony features

regional anatomy

structures in a specific area of the body and everything in that area

• pro: if time is limited you can quickly look at immediate problem

• con: zooming in on one area limits ability to examine body + possible root of issue

systematic anatomy

structures working together to accomplish certain functions no matter where they are located

• organ systems of the body

• con: can’t see the whole function/affect

chemical/molecular level

simplest/least complex level of organization

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

the 4 elements that make up 99% of body (molecular/chemical)

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

4 major classes of molecules

cellular level

2nd simplest/5th most complex level of organization

tissue level

3rd simplest/4th most complex level of organization

organ level

4th simplest/3rd most complex level of organization

organ system level

5th simplest/2nd most complex level of organization

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive 

different organ systems in the body (11)

organism level

least simple/most complex level of organization

• work together to keep body healthy and alive 

homeostasis

the baseline/normal range of activity in the internal environment; our bodies work to maintain this steady state

disease

 deviation away from homeostasis, usually leading to illness/sickness

pathology 

study of disease (causes and its effects)

anatomical landmarks

easy to identify reference points; they help uring medial examinations & procedures; guides for anatomical dissection

anatomical position

standing upright, arms at the sides of the body, hands supine, toes facing forward

supine

lying on back, palms facing anteriorly

prone

lying on stomach, palms facing posteriorly

superior

towards the head

inferior

towards the tail/feet

anterior

towards the front

posterior 

towards the back

superficial

closer to surface

deep

farther from surface

medial

towards the midline 

lateral

away from the midline

proximal

towards the trunk (relating to limbs)

distal 

away from the trunk (relating to limbs)

horizontal/transverse plane

cuts into superior and inferior segments, runs side to side

coronal/frontal plane

cuts into anterior and posterior segments, runs left to right

sagittal plane 

cuts into right and left sides, runs up and down

midsagittal plane

cuts into equal left and right sides, along the midline

parasagittal plane

cuts into unequal left and right sides

oblique plane 

any cut that DOES NOT fit into one of the other categories, diagonal or slanted

muscular, nerve, epithelial, connective

what are the 4 main types of tissue?

muscular tissue

• Function: movement via contraction

• Structure: linear + parallel fibers

• Movements: contraction of skeletal system, contraction of cardiac tissue, altering shape of blood vessel walls and GI tract wall

epithelial tissue

• Function: protection, containment, transfer of material, body linings, glandular tissue 

• Structure: tightly packed cells + physically adjacent

• Location: covering the body’s surfaces, forming glandular tissue (lines internal organs + secretes substances), forming the linings of different body cavities (blood vessels, respiratory)

neural tissue

• Function: communication and signaling; sensing and responding to external and internal environments, communicate with other neurons, muscles, and glands 

• Supporting Cells: neuroglia

connective tissue

• Function

  • support and structure

  • establishing the structural framework of the body (bone, cartilage)

  • transporting fluid and dissolved materials (blood, lymph)

  • protecting organs (adipose tissue, organ capsules)

  • supporting + surrounding + connecting other tissues (fascia around muscles)

  • storing energy (adipose tissue)

  • defending the body from microorganisms (inflammation originates in this tissue type)

• Components

  • specialized cell type(s)

  • a particular ground substance/matrix

  • extracellular fivers

proper, fluid, and supporting

types of connective tissue

loose and dense

types of connective tissue proper

loose connective tissue

 a type of connective tissue proper; many cells, few collagen fibers (loose fibers)

• types: areolar, adipose, reticular

areolar tissue 

a type of loose connective tissue; underneath epithelial surfaces, within most organs, mucous membranes

• Components: fibrocytes, macrophage, collagen fibers, mast cell, elastic fibers

adipose tissue

a type of loose connective tissue; underneath of skin, mesentery, bone marrow

• Specialized cells: adipocytes

• types: brown + white

white adipose tissue

a type of adipose tissue, soap bubble appearance, 1 fat droplet, adipocytes (specialized cell)

brown adipose tissue

a type of adipose tissue, children have lots of this → we lose as we age, assists with heat generation, many fat droplets

reticular tissue

a type of loose connective tissue; lymphoid organs (spleen, bone marrow, liver), create supporting structure

dense connective tissue

a type of connective tissue proper; few cells, many collagen and/or elastic fibers

• types: regular and irregular

regular, irregular, elastic

3 types of dense connective tissue

dense regular connective tissue 

a type of dense connective tissue; tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses (flat sheets of connective tissue)

• Fibers are aligned go in same direction

• examples: tendons, ligaments 

tendon

a type of dense regular connective tissue, connects muscle to bone

ligament

a type of dense regular connective tissue, connects bone to bone

dense irregular connective tissue

a type of dense regular connective tissue, skin dermis, walls of hollow organs

• Fibers not aligned → in different positions to deal with stress

elastic connective tissue

 a type of dense connective tissue; in walls of large arteries, ligaments in spine, lungs, bladder; recoil ability

fluid and supporting

2 types of specialized connective tissue

fluid connective tissue

a type of specialized connective tissue; has a liquid matrix, do not have fiber component of matrix; ex: blood + lymph

blood

a type of fluid connective tissue

• Erythrocytes (specialized cell): red blood cells

• Leukocytes (specialized cell): white blood cells

• Platelets (specialized cell): cell fragments + important for clotting

supporting connective tissue

a type of specialized connective tissue; provide a strong framework that supports rest of body; ex: cartilage, bone

cartilage + bone

2 types of supporting connective tissue

cartilage 

made of chondrocytes (specialized cell), gelatinous matrix, avascular (nourished by diffusion from nearby tissues → does not heal effectively)

• types: hyaline, elastic, fibrous 

hyaline, elastic, fibrous

3 types of cartilage

hyaline cartilage

a type of cartilage

• ex: articular surfaces of bones, most major/synovial joints  (hip, shoulder)

elastic cartilage

a type of cartilage 

• ex: external ear, epiglottis, small bronchi

fibrous cartilage

a type of cartilage

• ex: intervertebral discs, public symphysis

bone

made of osteocytes (specialized cell), solid matrix; calcium + phosphate deposits give bone its hardness; vascular

compact + dense

2 types of bone

compact bone

a type of bone

• dense; built to accommodate more stress

• osteons are functional unit

• blood vessels travel within central canals (blood vessels here) located in osteons (give strength)

• contains everything bone needs to stay alive; found in middle of long bones

• more superficial

osteon

the functional unit of compact bone…

spongy bone

• less dense

• found at bone ends

• helps with shock absorption

• more deep

fascia

layers of connective tissue

• ex: superficial/subcutaneous, deep, suberous

superficial fascia

a type of fascia, found between skin + underlying organs, made of areolar + adipose tissue

deep fascia

a type of fascia, bound to capsules, tendons, ligaments, made of dense irregular connective tissue

subserous fascia

a type of fascia, between serous membranes + deep fascia, made of areolar tissue

osteoporosis

the reduction of bone mass, weakening of bone tissue, leads to a higher risk of breaking

degrades, quicker

collagen (degrades/generates) (slower/quicker) with age

fragile

connective tissue becomes _____ as we age

axial skeleton 

skull, hyoid, rib cage, vertebral column 

appendicular skeleton

shoulder girdle (clavicle + scapula), arm, hand, pelvic girdle, leg, foot

functions of the skeletal system

support, storage of minerals, blood cell production, leverage, protection

store

do our bones store or produce calcium?

components of bone

osseous tissue, collagen fibers, bone cells

cells of bone

osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells

osteocytes

bone cell

osteoblast

builds up bone

osteoprogenitor cells

create new bone + aid in growth and repair of bone

osteoclasts

breaks down bone

central canals; compact bone

Where do blood vessels travel through? ________ What are those found inside? ______

epiphysis

articular ends of long bone

diaphysis

shaft of long bone, contains yellow bone marrow (white white blood cells are made)

metaphysis

connects shaft and articular ends of bone; growth occurs is located here → where expansion occurs

parts of bone

spongy bone, compact bone, periosteum, endosteum 

periosteum → compact bone → spongy bone → endosteum → medullary cavity → blood vessels

order of superficial to deep features of bone (6)

sutural, pneumatized, flat, irregular, long, sesamoid, short

types of bones